MOLECULAR APPROACHES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF AFLATOXIN PRODUCING ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS ISOLATES FROM POULTRY FEED Aflatoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by aspergilli. Aspergillus flavus is one of the major aflatoxins producing specie. Present study was conducted to enumerate mycoflora of poultry feed and aflatoxin production potential of A. flavus. Home mixed and commercial poultry feed (n=20, each) were processed for determination of fungal load and isolation of mycoflora. Isolates were identified by culture and microscopic characters. Thin layer (TL) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for screening, identification and quantification of aflatoxins produced by A. flavus respectively. A. flavus were confirmed by specie specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Isolation frequency of different genera, Aspergillus species and toxigenic A. flavus was calculated. The fungal count in home mixed feed was 2x102 to 1.6x104 CFU/g whereas, in commercial poultry feed from 2x101 to 6x103 CFU/g. Aspergillus was the most prevalent genus in home mixed and commercial feed followed by Mucor. Among aspergilli, the highest percentage was of flavus (95%) followed by A. niger (75%), A. fumigatus (15%) and A. terreus (5%). A total of 32.61 percent (223/685) aflatoxin producing A. flavus from commercial and 16.67 percent (23/140) from home mixed feed were detected by TLC. These aflatoxins (AFs) were identified as AFB1 and AFB2 and AFG1 by HPLC. Amplicon (500 bps) of A. flavus was observed on 2 percent agarose gel. It was concluded that poultry feed may be a source of transmission of disease producing fungi and aflatoxins to poultry birds and human beings. Key words: Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus commercial poultry feed High performance liquid chromatography Home mixed poultry feed Polymerase chain reaction ENZYMATIC AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS Fungi especially Aspergillus species are potential candidates for production of mycotoxins and industrially important enzymes. Aspergillus flavus isolates (129) recovered from soil mixed with animal rations (n=145) had Aflatoxins (17.82%) and Enzymes (10.37%) production potential. Quantity of detected Aflatoxins varied for different isolates i.e., 3.25 to 11622.24ng, 21.34 to 194.47ng and 3.36 to 40.12ng per mL of Sabouraud‟s dextrose broth in case of AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 as determined by High performance liquid chromatography. Optimization of non-toxigenic starch hydrolyzing A. flavus was carried out at different incubation temperatures (22, 30 and 37°C), pH (4.5, 6 and 7.5) and substrates including maize, wheat bran and rice husk (1, 3 and 5% each) for incubation period of 7 days. In optimization experiments for starch hydrolysis, most of the A. flavus (86%) produced highest enzyme (IU) at 37°C and pH 6 quantified by Dinitrosalicylic method. Maximum isolates were able to produce enzymes using rice husk followed by maize. The maximum enzyme production by A. flavus was 179.88+1.71IU using one percent of maize at pH 6 and 37°C. It was concluded that indigenous A. flavus can be used in food industry as biological source of starch hydrolyzing enzymes.
جد دا ڈٹھا اپنا آپ سانوں دِسدا نہیں اے پاپ کیہڑا ناصح دانش یار دیوے رات ہجر دی ناپ مشکل ویلے بھل نہ ویکھ ساڈی رکھیں یار سیاپ جھوٹیاں نوں توں سچ نہ جان سچ دا توں پھر راگ الاپ کر خدمت توں اس دی پھیر جیہڑا تیرا مائی باپ جے توں رہنا غیراں نال سانوں موڑیں ساڈی چھاپ
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat Pengaruh Pengukuran Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Terhadap Kinerja Perguruan Tinggi (Studi Kasus pada Badan Layanan Umum Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder yang diolah dengan pertimbangan responden yang diperoleh dari kuesioner. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai badan layanan umum tahun 2020 yang berjumlah 765 orang. Metode penetapan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 75 responden. Data diolah dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda dengan bantuan SPSS Versi 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua variabel penelitian berpengaruh dan signifikan terhadap kinerja Badan Layanan Umum.
Salt stress is known to hamper steady state water flow which may reduce plant growth.This research was aimed to study the roles of leaf turgor, osmotic adjustment and cell wall elasticity under saline conditions which may reduce biomass production in Phragmites karka (a marsh grass). Plants were grown in 0, 100 and 300 mM NaCl and harvested on 3, 7, 15 and 30 days to observe periodic changes in growth and water relations. Leaf number, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate were higher in the non-saline control than in the plants grown under saline conditions. Plants showed a rapid decline in leaf growth rate (7-15 days) in 300 mM NaCl compared to a delayed response (15-30 days) in 100 mM NaCl. Leaf water potential (ΨW) decreased with increases in salinity after 3rd day while osmotic potential decreased after 15th day. Low leaf turgor (Ψp) on the 3rd day indicated an initial phase of osmotic stress under saline conditions. Plants maintained higher Ψp in 0 and 100 mM than in 300 mM NaCl. Differences between mid-day and pre-dawn ΨW and water saturation deficit were higher in 300 mM NaCl than with other treatments. Water potential and hydraulic capacitance at turgor loss point decreased while bulk elastic modulus (Ɛ) increased in 300 mM NaCl. Maintenance of turgor and growth at 100 mM NaCl could be related to efficient osmotic adjustment (use of K+ and Cl-), higher water use efficiency, and lower Ɛ while poor growth at 300 mM NaCl may have been a consequence of low turgor, higher Ɛ and decreased cell hydraulic capacitance.