Plants play a vital role for the existence of life in the Universe. They not only provide food to animals and humans, but also synthesize chemicals which are used for their own defense as well as being used by man as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals etc. God has gifted Pakistan with enormous varieties of medicinal plants. Out of these plants only 20 % have been studied for their therapeutic potential. Therefore, there is a need of coordinated and well organized efforts in the area of chemistry of indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan. The present Ph.D. thesis deals with the phytochemical studies on three indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan namely Plumeria rubra, Plumeria obtusa and Salsola imbricata. The whole thesis is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 1 offers the introduction of natural product chemistry and economical and pharmaceutical role of Family Apocynaceae and Chenopodaceae on living organism and human health. Chapter 2 deals with the study of various classes of bioactive secondary metabolites obtained from plants, marine organism and fungi. This chapter provides an overview of secondary metabolites their occurrence in natural sources, their economical role as pesticide, drugs, Page 16 agrochemicals, toxins and pharmaceutical and their biological effects on living organisms. Chapter 3 describes the genus Plumeria, its economical, pharmacological and phytochemical properties. In this chapter the pharmacology of various isolates from the genus Plumeria and biological activities of various species and their extract has been discussed. Almost all the phytochemical isolated up to date from the various species of Plumeria has been assembled year wise in this chapter. Chapter 4 is divided into two parts. Part A deals with the phytochemical studies of Plumeria rubra, including structure elucidation and experimental detail of isolated secondary metabolites from this specie. The methanolic extract of this plant was divided into hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate soluble part yielded five new compounds: a flavanone glycoside; rubranonoside (161), a sphingolipid; rubranin (162), an iridoid galactoside; rubridoidside (163), two nor-terpenoids; rubrajaleelol (164) and rubrajaleelic acid (165) together with 1-a-plumieride (87), plumieride p-Z-coumarate (133) and plumieride-p-E-coumarate (134), oleanolic acid (114) and b-sitosterol glucoside (166) on column chromatography. Their structures were assigned by ID and 2D-NMR in combination with EIMS, HR-EIMS and FAB-MS techniques. Structures of the known compounds were determined due to spectroscopic analyses or in comparison with the literature. Among them, 87 and 133 are the reported for the first time from this specie. The structure elucidation of these compounds is in process of publication in peer reviewed journal
عمل سے زندگی بنتی ہے جنت بھی جہنم بھی نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم والعصر ان الانسان لفی خسر . الا الذین امنو وعملو الصلحت ط صدر ِذی وقار اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع ملا ہے وہ ہے ڈاکٹر علا مہ محمد اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کے شعر کا مصرع:’’عمل سے زندگی بنتی ہے جنت بھی جہنم بھی‘‘ جنابِ صدر! اگرچہ پڑھنے میں قاری کو ایک مصرع نظر آتا ہے۔ لیکن اپنے اندر مفا ہیم اور مطالب کا ایک جہان آباد کے ہوئے ہے۔ علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ قوم کو خواب غفلت سے بیدار کرتے ہوئے فرماتے ہیں کہ عمل کے بغیر تصور زیست ممکن ہی نہیں، زندگی حرکت وعمل کا دوسرا نام ہے۔ اوربے عملی یا جمود کا دوسرا نام موت ہے، عمل سے ہی زندگی کا بگاڑ ہے، اورعمل سے ہی زندگی کا نکھار ہے۔ جام زندگی کے دوام کا راز گردش پیہم میں پوشیدہ ہے۔ بے عملی نہ صرف انسان کو کاہل ، سست اور کمزور بناتی ہے بلکہ بے یقین اور بزدل بھی بناتی ہے، اس کے برعکس عمل انسان کومستعد ،معتمد اور معزز بناتا ہے۔ اقبال کے الفاظ ہیں : چلنے والے نکل گئے ہیں جو ٹھہرے ذرا کچل گئے ہیں کلام پاک میں یہ بات قسم اُٹھا کر بتائی جارہی ہے کہ انسان نقصان میں ہے لیکن جو لوگ ایمان لائے اور نیک کام کرتے ہیں وہ نقصان میں نہیں ۔معلوم ہوا کہ انسان کا انسانیت کی معراج پر فائز ہونابغیر عمل کے ممکن نہیں۔ بقول شاعر:۔ خود عمل تیرا ہے صورت گر تری تقدیر کا شکوہ کرنا ہو تو اپنا کر مقدر کا نہ کر جو انسان صاحب عمل ہوتا ہے وہ اپنے کسی کام...
The beauty of religion Islam is not only to provide the complete life style and charter for one to lead his life smoothly but it flourishes the human life with its eternal directions and commands full of hidden pleasures coupled with physical and spiritual care of human body. In fact, the everlasting religion comprised of such rulings that help individuals in every walk of life until and unless these rulings are implemented and executed in a proper way according to the prescribed codes of Almighty Allah and his Messenger, Prophet Muhammad PBUH. The thorough study of Shariah rulings reveals the fact that to protect the man’s life or even to make it in comfort and ease, the gradual and steady relaxation has been observed like the one unable to perform prayer in standing position, legitimate for him to sit or even through gestures according to the status of his illness and disease. Similarly, the fasting is important part of Worship, obligation upon Muslim to observe fasting during Ramadan with intentions to get Allah’s pleasure and piousness. This research study emphasis on highlighting the shariah rulings about the medication during fasting in order to know the extent of use, specification in drugs like injections and drips along with some relevant discussion about the spirit of medicine permission. The study will be the real addition to the knowledge and will be fine guidance for the Practiced Muslims.
In present study, heavy metal residual concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, and Hg in the milk and meat (muscles and organs) have been determined in cattle and goat in two areas, each consisted of three sites, along the main sewerage drains of Faisalabad city. During present investigations the range of most heavy metal residues (mg/L) in milk of goat; Cd 0.083 to 0.145, Cr 0.983 to 1.277, Ni 20.421 to 20.402, Pb 41.762 to 43.414, As 0.381 to 0.403, Hg 1.205 to 1.226 and in cow milk; Cd 0.078 to 0.147, Cr 1.072 to 1.199, Ni 22.287 to 22.394, Pb 18.623 to 19.972, As 0.076 to 0.078, Hg 0.482 to 0.490 have been found higher than their corresponding reported values. Similar trends were observed in meat (muscles and organs) of goat: in muscles; arm 0.116 to 4.704, rib 0.008 to 4.559, thigh 0.024 to 8.841, in organs; liver 0.052 to 13.089, lung 0.022 to 12.908, kidney 0.026 to 14.150 and of cattle: in muscles; arm 0.016 to 2.760, rib 0.006 to 2.520, thigh 0.021 to 3.762, in organs; liver 0.053 to 13.433, lung 0.018 to 14.573, kidney 0.030 to 6.898. The most values of heavy metal residues have been found higher: in goat than in cattle, in Area 1 than in Area 2 and in summer than in winter. Drastic measures are suggested to detoxicate and treat both the industrial and domestic effluents which are intended to be used for agricultural purposes.