Wheat is the main staple food and largest grain crop of Pakistan. Abiotic stress reduces plant’s growth or development. An extended period of water deficits over months or years is the main cause of the drought. Drought arises in plants when the rate of transpiration is greater than rate of water uptake. QTLs (quantitative trait loci) are detected in mapping populations developed from controlled crosses segregating for the trait of interest and are a correlation of DNA marker data with phenotypic information. The research was conducted at PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi , Wheat Wide Crosses and Cytogenetic (WWC), National Agriculture Research Center, (NARC) Islamabad and Cereal Research institute (CRA-CER), Foggia Italy. The double haploid mapping population 5 (DR.MP. 5), with its individuals having pedigree of (Doy 1 // Ae. Squarrosa (458) / 5 / Opata), was planted under control (Field, fully irrigated) and stress (rain shelter) conditions. The parents of mapping population, i.e., SH349 (D genome grounded drought tolerant synthetic hexaploid wheat) and bread wheat (Opata M-85, drought susceptible) were also grown individually in the field and tunnel. The biochemical analysis included osmolytes determination, i.e. soluble sugar; proline and antioxidant included superoxide dismutase activity, cell membrane stability followed by molecular diagnostics including DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis. Yield and Yield Components were included Days to heading, Days to physiological maturity, Plant height (cm), Spike length (cm), Number of grains per spike, 1000 Grain weight (g), pubescence, awn color and prostrate vs. erect habit. In this study, STATISTIX software was used for Two Factors Factorial Analysis of Variance, LSD (Least Significant Difference) did a2 comparison of means, and STATISTICA software was used to find out the correlation among different traits under control and stress conditions. For linkage and QTL analyses, JoinMap4 and MapQTL5 were used. Five Drought tolerant wheat lines were identified (18, 34, 54, 56 and 59). A linkage map was built by using SSR markers. One hundred and seventy four SSRs markers were used to screen the parents, (Opata, drought sensitive, and SH349, drought tolerant). Seventy-nine polymorphic markers were identified and applied to drought mapping populations. Interval mapping (IM) and Multiple QTL mapping (MQM) did detection of QTLs. In IM analysis, fifteen QTLs were found for stress condition and thirty-eight QTLs were found in control conditions. In MQM analysis, twelve QTLs were found to control under field conditions and sixteen QTLs were detected in MQM analysis under stress. Eleven Novel QTLs have been identified for different traits, six by IM and five by MQM. In the end the results of this research presented that there are some drought tolerant or resistant alleles have been identified which can be moved to vulnerable genotypes using MAS (Marker Assisted Selection). In addition, this study provided additional evidence that the QTL strategy is useful and able to enhance performance of existing cultivars. Further QTL studies will assist in the contribution of positive allelic diversity in the future.
آبی وسائل کی اہمیت آب سے مراد پانی ہے اور پانی زندگی کے لیے انتہائی اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ اگر اس کا وجود عنقا ء ہو جائے تو زیست و حیات بھی نہ رہے اور یہ زندگی کی نائو بحرِ ظلمات میں ہچکولے کھانا شروع کر دے۔ پانی عناصر اربعہ میں سے اہم جزوہے۔ قرآنِ پاک میں ارشاد ِباری تعالیٰ ہے کہ’’ ہم نے ہر زندہ چیز کو پانی سے پیدا فرمایا‘‘ پانی کی اہمیت اس سے مترشحّ ہورہی ہے۔ ہمارے ہاں آبی وسائل کی اہمیت بہت زیادہ ہے ہماری معیشت کا زیادہ سے زیادہ دارومدارآبی وسائل پر ہے۔ آبی وسائل میں سب سے اہم وسیلہ اور ذریعہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی رحمت ہے جو بارش کی صورت میں ہم پر نازل ہوتی ہے۔ اس کے بعد پھر گلیشیر بنتے ہیں، پھر وہاں سے دریا، بحر، بحیرے، ندی نالے ، نہریں اور سمندر وجود میں آتے ہیں ، تالاب، جھیلیں، ٹیوب ویل یہ سب آبی وسائل ہیں۔ پانی کی اہمیت مزید اس بات سے واضح ہورہی ہے کہ زمین پر تین حصے پانی ہے اور ایک حصہ مٹی ہے۔ ہمارا نہری نظام دنیا کا سب سے بڑا نہری نظام ہے، پانی کی اہمیت تسلیم کرنے میں صرف مسلمان ہی نہیں ہیں بلکہ دنیا کا ہر مذہب ، ہرمسلک، ہر قوم، ہر معاشرہ اور تمام ممالک اس بات کے معترف ہیں کہ پانی انسانی زندگی میں ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ پانی کا استعمال صرف پینے کی حد تک نہیں ہے بلکہ کم وبیش دنیا کی اکثر اشیاء کا وجود میں آنا ناممکن ہوجائے اور زندگی محال ہو جائے اگر پانی نہ ہو۔ آبی وسائل میں سب سے اہم ذریعہ نہروں کا ہے، چونکہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی طرف سے بارش کا نزول ہوتا ہے تو وہ گلیشیر کی صورت میں پانی کے قطرے جم جاتے ہیں اور...
The wasaṭiyyah (Islamic moderation) concept is deep-rooted in Islam. It is a straight path, a good between two evils; it maintains balance between the two extremes of excess and deficiency, and between fanaticism and negligence. Moderation was widely practiced with the advent of Islam. It was a noteworthy aspect of people’s day to day life and conducts. The term wasaṭiyyah (moderation) emerged in the early eighties. It was initially introduced by Shiekh Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwī. He used it in his books and discourses, and gradually it become very prevalent. Few factors resulted in widespread use of the term, the main factor is the western systematic campaign against Islam and Muslims to distort their image and label them with terrorism and extremism. Therefore, they frequently used the term wasaṭiyyah to prove themselves against these accusations. Another factor is the current situation in most Muslim countries and their struggle with social and political injustice which turns Muslim youth to extremism and terrorism that is why Muslim scholars and reformers, through their moderate discourse, stood up and condemned fanaticism and radical ideology. All that made the term wasaṭiyyah widely used by different people from all walks of life, and each has its aims and intentions behind embracing the moderate discourse and raising the flag of wasaṭiyyah (moderation).
The study dealing with petrography, lithofacies and sedimentology of Tiyon formation help in correlation regionally and globally. During the Early-Middle Eocene rapid transgression and locally regression in Southern Lower Indus Basin deposited limestone interbedded shale in Tiyon formation in between Laki and Kirthar Formation. The main lithofacies distributed in Tiyon formation is limestone, nodular and marly limestone, highly fossilifereous with interbedded silty calcareous shale. The microfacies are mudstone, wackstone, packstone and grainstone with dominant Alveolinids, Assilina and Nummulities. The fauna are well preserved in similar lithofacies with minor change in France, Alpine, Himalayan and Indo-Pacific region. The Litho-biofacies of Tiyon formation indicates the marine transgression during Lutetian, west to east from Paris Basin through Libya, Egypt, Oman, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sindh, Salt Range, Kutch, Rajasthan and Assam to Indonesia. The basal and middle part of the Tiyon formation yields Paracypris maridonalis, Paracypris sapperi, Schizoptocythere sp., Stigmatocythere oblique ostracods which are correlated to Saudi Arabia, Salt Range, Sor Range of Baluchistan and Kutch (India) area but in the middle to upper part Bairoloppilata and Krithe rutoti are common in Paris, Belgium and England. The presence of abundant gastropod species Velates perversus in European countries also confirms the Lutetian transgression from west to east Tethys. The upper part of Tiyon formation consists of Alveolina elongata, Nummulities obtusus, N. pinfoldi and N. perforatus indicates the Late Lutetian - Early Bartonian. The Tiyon formation is correlated with Pir Koh Limestone, lower part of Drazinda shale of Zinda Pir, Drug area (D.G. Khan) Punjab, basal shale unit of the Kirthar Formation and upper most beds of Ghazij Shale exposed in the Sore-Range, Chorgali Formation, Kuldana Formation, Basal part of Kohat formation and Sakesar Formation The Tiyon formation is the unit of Chat member of Laki Formation. This distinct lithological unit with different stratigraphic position should be formalized as a separate formation. The Tiyon formation is deposited in inner to outer platform with normal salinity, clear and warm water conditions most appropriate for the flourishing of shallow marine faunal assemblages. The age of Tiyon formation represent the Late Ypresian-Early Bartonian stage of Middle Eocene.