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Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Vulnerbaility of Economically Important Crops and Forest Trees Biodiversity to Climate Change in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Muhammad Sohaib Arshad

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12456/1/Muhammad%20Sohaib%20Arshad%20botany%202019%20qau%20isb%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727052502

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This research project is confined to study the influence of climate changes on major crops (cotton, rice, sugar cane and wheat) in irrigated and rainfed regions of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The study mainly focused on the role of trees to overcome fast climate changes. The chief objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of forest sector in the mitigation of climate change. In addition, the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed in identification of tree seeds. Secondary data regarding economically important crops and forest tree species in respect to climate change was collected from forest department, agriculture department and local farmers as well as primary data from resource persons in respective fields. In total, twenty species of forest trees were selected, collected and ethnobotanically documented for their economic uses. Out of these species; eight tree species were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to analyze their seeds morphology for correct identification. The main focus of SEM was on seed sculpturing in order to develop linkage with climate change and seed morphology. A cross sectional secondary data of 345 farmers from 25 districts of the Punjab province was obtained to estimate the marginal impact on net farm revenue with reference to temperature and precipitation. In case of Rabi-Kharif configuration of climatic variables, Net Farm Revenue (NFR) showed an increase of $ 654.67 per hectare with 10oC increase in Rabi maximum temperature while non-irrigated farms were confronting a decrease of $ 2583.18. The model identified that with the increase of 10oC in winter and summermaximum temperatures; there would be decrease in NFR by $ 1608.49 and $ 1479.24 respectively. It is observed that the marginal impacts were negative under all yearly based climatic variables. The farmers operating under non-irrigated environment were the extreme sufferers because of non-availability of irrigation water. It was further noticed that temperature’s fluctuation was more serious than rainfall patterns. In addition to this, primary information was also documented using in-depth interviews from resource persons in the field of agriculture farm lands and forestry.In this regard, the narratives of various technical and policy experts regarding the influence of climate change on forests of Pakistan were introduced. Both the implicit and explicit connections of these narratives were assessed in order to develop linkage with current findings. Both qualitative and quantitative information were analyzed in the form of tables, figures and schematic diagrams to present economically important crops and tree species under the impact of climate change. The findings of the study urged the policy makers for the mobilization of extension services radically to execute adaptation strategies in most vulnerable regions. The research also suggests the need for investing more in farmer’s education, afforestation, participatory forest management and improved institutional support for climate change adaptation. On an overall basis, the myopic look into matter of impact of climate change that has been taken on multidimensional angles may provide new vistas of plant sciences. The composite analysis finally integrates the findings of qualitative, quantitative ad laboratory experiments in the shape of an innovative matrix. Based on these findings, it is strongly recommended that some adaptation measures need to be taken for avoiding the impact of climate change on wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice. Small farmers, being highly vulnerable to climate change should be provided financial and technical support to cope with its negative impact on Net Farm Revenue. A special climate resilient package should be available for the farmers of non-irrigated areas. Similarly, institutional development and regulatory mechanism need to be framed for forest management under change climate scenarios. A strong coordination across agriculture department, forest department and food security ministry should be maintained so as to collectively respond the odd impact of climate change on agriculture and forest trees.
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17. Al-Isra’/The Night Journey

17. Al-Isra’/The Night Journey

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

17:01
All Glory is to The One WHO took HIS Servant Muhammad for a journey by night,
from the Grand Sacred Masjid in Holy Makkah to the Distant Masjid in Blessed Jerusalem;
the environs of which WE have especially blessed,
so that WE make him see some of OUR Wonders of Almightiness.
Truly HE - HE is All-Listening, and HE is All-Watching.

17:02
And WE granted the Scripture - the Torah - to Moses, and
made it a source of guidance for Descendants of Jacob.
Saying:
‘Do not take anyone - metaphorically or hypothetically - for a guardian other than ME!

17:03
You are all descendants of those whom WE carried in the Ark with Noah.
He was truly a grateful servant!’

17:04
And WE warned Descendants of Jacob about OUR Decision in their Scripture:
‘You will definitely create and promote corruption in the land twice, and
you will indeed exalt yourselves’ with haughtiness and become grossly overbearing.
And thus you will be punished twice.

17:05
So when the first of these two warnings came true - as the Descendants of Jacob were tuned to sinful disobedience;
WE raised against you OUR servants, people of great power - the Babylonians.
And they ravaged your homes and caused havoc throughout the land.
And it was thus a warning fulfilled!

17:06
Then WE returned to you another chance of victory against them after you had repented,
and strengthened you with wealth/prosperity and sons/manpower,
and made you even more numerous in soldiery than ever.

...

The Creation of Universe in the Light of Quran

The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. Sura l-Baqarah, verse (67) states:   قَالَ أعُوْذُ بِاللّٰہِ اأنْ أَکُوْنَ مِنَ الْجَھِلِیْنَ۔He said, "I seek refuge in Allah from being among the ignorant. "The Qur'an does not render a coordinated description of the universe Creation and how it will end. In lieu of a continuous story of creation and cease, there are verses dispersed all over the Quran which deal with certain aspects of the universe’s Creation and end. These scattered verses provide information on the sequential events marking its development with varying degrees of detail. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the Quranic Concept of Universe. The idea of steady state by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle (1948) suggests that this universe is created with big bang, it is expanding and it would be the same, always static, always contracting or always expanding with no end. This is in contrast with the pulsating theory of the accelerating expansion will result in weak gravity which will cause the universe to contract. When this contraction will condense everything back into one single point, this rapid compression will lead to another explosion (often referred to as mini big bang). As a result of which the universe will start expanding again. Hence it results in a pulsating universe in which there is alternate expansion and contraction of universe.  

On the Averages of Convex Functions

“Behind every theorem lies an inequality”. Mathematical inequalities play an impor- tant role in almost all branches of mathematics as well as in other areas of science. The basic work ”Inequalities” by Hardy, Littlewood and Polya appeared 1934 [37]and the books ”Inequalities” by Beckenbach and Bellman published in 1961 [9] and ”An- alytic inequalities” by Mitronovic published in 1970 made considerable contribution to this field and supplied motivation, ideas, techniques and applications. This theory in recent years has attached the attention of large number of researchers, stimulated new research directions and influenced various aspect of mathematical analysis and applications. Since 1934 an enormous amount of effort has been devoted to the dis- covery of new types of inequalities and the application of inequalities in many part of analysis. The usefulness of Mathematical inequalities is felt from the very be- ginning and is now widely acknowledged as one of the major deriving forces behind the development of modern real analysis. This dissertation deals with the inequali- ties for Jensen inqualites involving average of convex functions, Hermite-Hadamard inequalities. Chapter 1 offers an overview of the basic results contains a survey of basic concepts, indications and results from theory of convex functions and theory of inequalities used in subsequent chapters to which we refer as the known facts. Chapter 2 we give proofs of convexity and Schur convexity of the generalized inte- gral and weighted integral quasi-arithmetic mean. An overview of assorted proofs of schur convexity of integral arithmetic mean is discussed. In a detailed proof, discrete Jensen inequality for integral arithmetic mean is derived. Also integral version of Jensen inequality for integral arithmetic mean is proved. Motivated by discrete and viiviii integral Jensen inequalities functionals are defined. Two different method is given for constructing new examples of exponentially convex functions from non trivial gen- erating families of functions. Mean value theorem are proved. Different classes of monotonically increasing Cauchy means are created. Chapter 3 gives us convexity and Schur convexity of functions connected to Hermite- Hadamrd inequality as well as Schur convexity of differences of Hermite-Hadamrd inequality and Hammar-Bullen inequality by different proofs. Applying assorted gen- eralizations of Hermite-Hadamard inequality and Hammer-Bullen inequality on some special families of functions from varied classes, n-exponentially convex functions are generated by quite new method. Lyponuve, Dresher and Gramm’s type inequalities are developed. Pretty different Stolarsky type means are derives preserving inherited monotonically increasing property. Chapter 4 deals with inequalities of higher order convexity and divided difference. Two of them use majorization results and others are related to Jensen inequalities and Hermite-Hadamrd inequality. Integral Jensen inequality for divided difference is proved. Applications of averages of 3-convex functions as first order divided difference of convex functions are acquired. Method of producing n-exponentially convex func- tions is applied using divided differences. Produced functions are used in studying Stolarsky type means In the fifth chapter results about averages values of convex func- tions with variable limits and average values of composition functions is given. Study functionals for inequalities proved by D.E. Wulbert ( call them Wulbert’s inequalities for convenience) for convex and three convex functions. Extensions, improvements are accomplished. Variety of Stolarsky type means of a concave (convex) functions are obtained.