Gladiolus, an excellent cut flower is highly responsive to fertilizers, especially micronutrients. Dire need is there to explore the best pre and postharvest management practices for quality production and vase life of plant to cope with market demand. Keeping the aim in mind, a study was conducted to enhance the quality production and elongated vase life of gladiolus cut flowers by applying preharvest zinc (Zn) and boron (B), and postharvest salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) during two consecutive years 2010 and 2011. Zinc was applied in the soil media @ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg kg-1 and B @ 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg kg-1 in pots under greenhouse conditions. Data on preharvest parameters were recorded for the number of leaves per plant, leaf area, spike length, spike thickness, days to flowering, number of florets per spike, flower size, fresh weight and dry weight of flowers, number of cormels, corm size chlorophyll contents, ascorbic acid contents, zinc contents, boron contents and protein contents. The flower spikes were harvested and placed in glass jars containing distilled water. The postharvest application of salicylic acid at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg l-1 and gibberellic acid at 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg l-1 in vase solution were evaluated. Data were recorded on postharvest parameters; days taken to open floret, percent florets opened, vase life, percent change in fresh weight, electrolyte leakage, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and free radicals scavenging (FRS) activity. No significant effect of zinc was observed on number of leaves plant-1 and spike thickness. Zinc @ 6 mg kg-1 rendered the highest leaf area, spike length, spike thickness, flower size, fresh weight, dry weight, corm size, chlorophyll contents, days taken to open floret, percent fresh weight change, SOD, POD, CAT xxiii and FRS activity. Whereas, Zn @ 8 mg kg-1 induced the highest number of cormels, number of florets per spike, protein contents, percent florets opened and vase life. The lowest electrolyte leakage and earliest flowering was noted with Zn @ 8 mg kg-1. Zinc concentration was recorded significantly higher with Zn @10 mg kg-1 as compared to all other treatments. Boron had no significant effect on number of leaves per plant and spike thickness. The highest leaf area, spike length, spike thickness, number of florets per spike, flower size, fresh weight, dry weight, number of corms and cormels, corm size, chlorophyll contents, protein contents, days taken to open floret, vase life, percent florets opened and vase life, percent fresh weight change, CAT and FRS activity were observed with B @ 2 mg kg-1 with respect to control treatment. While B @ 3 mg kg-1 induced the largest flower size, the highest fresh weight and SOD activity of cut flowers. Earliest flowering and lowest electrolyte leakage was noted with B @ 2 mg kg-1 and 3 mg kg-1 respectively over all other treatments. Boron and Zn concentrations were observed significantly high with B @ 5 mg kg-1 as compared to all other treatments. Salicylic acid @ 150 mg L-1 significantly increased the days taken to open florets, percent florets opened, retained higher fresh weight, SOD, CAT and FRS activity over control treatment. The lowest electrolyte and the highest POD activity were observed in SA @ 200 and 150 mg L-1, respectively among all other treatments. Gibberellic acid @ 25 mg L-1 induced the highest days taken to open floret, vase life, percent florets opened, vase life, fresh weight, POD, and FRSA over other treatments. The highest SOD, CAT activity and the lowest electrolyte leakage were noted in GA3 @ 50 mg L-1 over control. This study concludes that application of Zn at 6-8 mg kg-1, B at 2 mg kg-1 imparts greater beneficial effects on growth, production, vase quality and antioxidative activities in gladiolus. Salicylic acid at 150 mg L-1 and GA3 at 25 mg L-1 augmented the longest vase life and antioxidants activity of cut gladiolus and further higher application rate renders non significant improvement.
صحافت یار صحافت عین عبادت کریئے جے کر سچ دے نال جان دکھاں وچ پا صحافی بنندے ہین غریب دی ڈھال
جدوں ایہہ خبراں ڈھونڈن ویندے غم اندوہ نیں جردے ماڑیاں تے مظلوماں اُتے ہتھ شفقت دا دھردے جابر ظالم حاکم اگے ڈٹ جاندے نہ ڈردے خوف ذرا نہ کھاندے ویکھو کردے صدق مقال
شہر محلے کوچہ کوچہ ہر جا ویکھو جاندے ظالم لوگ غریباں تائیں حدوں ودھ ستاندے مرہم زخم غریباں دے تے ہین صحافی لاندے حق دی گل نیں کردے نالے رہندے حق دے نال
دفتراں اَتے کچہریاں وچ، کدی پھردے رہن بزاراں سجریاں تازیاں خبراں ڈھونڈ کے چھاپن وچ اخباراں چنگیاں مندیاں خبراں پڑھ کے پرچن دل ہزاراں پنچھیاں وانگ توکل رب تے رہندے نیں خوشحال
یار صحافی چنگے نیں، ایہہ بولن بول رسیلہ دکھیاں تے دکھیاراں دا ایہہ بن دے ہین وسیلہ راہ ڈکن ایہہ اَگوں بھانویں ہووے شیر مریلہ جس دے نال ایہہ دل تھیں ٹردے دکھڑے دیندے ٹال
اللہ سوہنے رزق انہاندا لکھیا کس بہانے مالک روزی ہر نوں دیندا ، بھولے تے مستانے کر مزدوری تے کھا چوری، کہہ گئے مرد ربانے منگو یار دعاواں سب نوں لبھے رزق حلال
قادریؔ جی اخبار دی خدمت عزت بہت بناندی عزت، شہرت ، دولت تائیں غربت شان گنواندی اللہ سوہنا راضی تھیوے جتھے پیش نہ جاندی خوفِ خدا تھیں روندیاں نوں تے بخشے گا ذوالجلال
Assyrian Text is witnessed that women used veil for face covering with an additional piece of cloth about 13 centuries before the Christ. Then history of mankind displays veil in Egyptian society that was transparent and normally white in color. We found a handful evidences in Greek literature regarding veiling of face. History travels to Anglo-Saxon age and witnessed that women used veil to cover their hair of head. The head covering shows a biological reasoning also. Roman culture was the culture of fantasy, the veils were full of colorful, and multi designed veil arranged by flowers and different beautiful substantial. In Roman, veil developed from only head covering to shoulder covering and then from head to back covering. British regime also enrich the history of veil. There was beautiful designed, decorated with net clothes and covered with beautiful embroidery. The veil was empowered by elite community in England. Later it was popularized as a fashion in colonial communities. Through this thorough historic discussion, it is approved that veil used by women has a long history as the human history. In religious context, Hinduism is understood as the oldest religion on globe, it is found that in Harappan times about 2500 BC, Aryan women used to wear full body covering single cloth from head covering to foot, which was preached in Hindu religious book Vedas also, later the single cloth was known as Sari. And after the introduction of Christianity, Veil was introduced as a compulsory symbol of religion. Veil of whole body with strict rules can be seen in the form of Christian nun. Later, Islam explained veil of women in public as an obligatory sign. Islam is the youngest religion on earth, it was published rapidly and the implication of its rules are practiced prominently. After a thorough historic and religious discussion, it if proved in this article that veil was a compulsory part of human society and religions before Islam had also preached for veiling.
Natural surfactants are amphiphilic compounds derived from natural resources mainly plants and microorganism. Owing to their excellent physiochemical properties they are replacing synthetic surfactants in verity of commercial applications. In present study natural surfactants obtained from bacteria and two plants were studied for their possible role in rehabilitation of crude oil contaminated soils. In first phase of this study a biosurfactant producing bacterial strain was isolated from crude oil contaminated soil samples of Missa Kaswal oil field. Out of 51 bacterial strains only seven were found to be surfactant producing. The most efficient biosurfactant producing strains were including; M8, M9 and M10 based upon surface tension reduction, emulsification index, oil displacement and drop collapse test. The strain M9 showed highest reduction of surface tension of the culture medium i.e. 66.7 to 26.6 mN/m and 6.2 cm of oil displacement zone considered as the most efficient biosurfactant producing bacteria. The isolates M8, M9, and M10 identified by using morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques as different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of four different media, medium 4 proved to be the best in term of yielding highest amount of biosurfactants with all the three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biosurfactant production was 2.31 g/L in medium 4, after 96 hrs by strain M9, whereas strain M8 and M10 produced relatively less biosurfactants. The strain M9 was the most efficient and selected for further studies. Optimization of different carbon sources revealed glycerol as the best in medium for the highest bacterial growth 1.37 g/L and biosurfactants production 2.890 g/L. The rhamnolipid production reached up to 4.44 g/L at optimum conditions i.e., pH 7, temperature 34 ˚C, agitation speed (rpm) 155, and 2.8 % inoculum. The media components were also optimized by using a combination of response surface and central composite design. The optimized medium composition pertaining to maximum rhamnolipids production of 5.67 g/L was obtained by using NaNO3 3.92 g/L, KH2PO4 2.3 g/L , MgSO4 0.26 g/L and FeSO4 0.0028 g/L. The chemical composition of biosurfactant produced by P. aeruginosa M9 was determined using HPTLC, FTIR and MALDI-Tof techniques. Results indicated that strain M9 produced a mixture of RL-1 and RL-2 during its growth on glycerol. The rhamnolipid produced by P. aeruginosa M9 were studies under effect of varying pH, salt concentration and temperatures. Results suggested that rhamnolipids retained their activity between pH 4-10, 1-21 % NaCl and 121 ˚C. In addition, 0.2 % of the crude rhamnolipid was sufficient to decrease the surface tension of the waster to 26.6 mN/m. The n-butanolic extract of S. mukorossi and A. concinna were analyzed for the presence of saponins using TLC and FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicated presence of saponins in both the plants. Results indicated that saponins from S. mukorossi and A. concinna were stable at pH 4-9, 25-121 ˚C, and 1-21 % NaCl. The crude saponin extracted from S. mukorossi reduced the surface tension of the water to 39.1 mN/m at a concentration of 0.2 % (w/v). On the other hand, surface tension Acacia saponin reduced the surface tension to 42.0 nM/m. The role of natural surfactants obtained from microbial and plants resources were studied in surfactant enhanced soil remediation by using Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array Design. Removal of crude oil from the soil collected from Missa Keswal oil field was determined under the effect of different temperatures, shaking speed, surfactant concentration and time. Results indicated 94 % reduction in crude oil from the soil at 55°C, 200 rpm, 1% rhamnolipid concentration after 15 hrs. In case of Sapindus saponins, maximum removal was 87 % at optimum conditions of; 65 °C, 200 rpm, 0.8 % saponins and 15 hrs of process time. The results of soil washing using Acacia saponins revealed that 65°C, 200 rpm, 0.8 % saponin and 15 hours were the optimum soil washing conditions pertaining to a maximum removal of 78 % crude oil from the soil. The soil obtained from GCU garden was washed at optimized condition obtained for each natural surfactant. Maximum removal of 81 % was carried out by Sapindus saponins, followed by 78 % by rhamnolipids and 67 % using Acacia saponins. These findings suggested that natural surfactants have excellent potential to be used in soil remediation of complex hydrocarbons such as crude oil.