Pakistan is suffering from shortage of surface supplies, which is being overcome by the conjunctive use of good quality ground water for growing cereals in irrigated areas and use of sewage/ industrial effluents for raising vegetables in city conurbations. The farmers get good vegetable yields with sewage water as it contains large amount of organic matter and plant nutrients. However, sewage also contains some metals which could be potentially toxic for biological life. The amount of each metal accumulated in plant depends on the quality of sewage used for irrigation. The metals which have been identified in sewage include chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, cobalt, magnesium, iron and arsenic. This study was carried out in Rawalpindi area with the objective to quantify the heavy metal accumulation in different vegetables and soils irrigated with sewage. Study was carried out in two different stages. In the first stage, field survey was carried out during 2003 and 2004. During this survey, water samples from different irrigation sources such as tubewells, wells, minidams and sewage were collected. Vegetable leaf samples and soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were obtained from the fields from where water samples were collected. The collected samples were processed following standard procedures and were analysed for lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel. After the survey work, three experimental sites having good quality tubewell water and sewage were selected in Taxila, Rawalpindi and Gujar Khan area. In the second stage, field experiments on the selected sites were conducted in Rabi, 2004 and Kharif, 2005. At each site, three treatments were tested viz, T1 = sewage irrigation, T2 = sewage and tubewell irrigation alternativeely, T3 = tubewell irrigation. Each treatment was replicated thrice following two factor factorial design. The plot size was 10 x 5 meter square. Cauliflower was xx sown in august, 2004 and spinach was sown in November, 2004. Okra and squash were sown in march, 2005. Each field was irrigated with measured quantity of water depending upon their crop water requirements. Water samples were collected before irrigation. Soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depth before and after each season. Leaves samples were collected after 30, 60 and 90 days and fruit samples were collected after 90 days of crop germination. The collected soil, water and plant samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel along with zinc, iron, copper and manganese. The survey data showed variation in heavy metals concentration of different water sources. All water samples for lead were within safe limits. Heavy metals in tubewell irrigated vegetables were below the safe limits and in sewage and industrial effluents irrigated vegetables were above the safe limits. Heavy metals in soil samples irrigated with different water sources were below the critical levels. The field experimental data showed that due to sewage application, lead and copper contents were much higher in leaves of spinach, leaves and fruits of cauliflower, okra and squash as compared to tubewell irrigation at Taxila, Gujjar Khan and Rawalpindi sites. Cadmium accumulation in all the vegetables irrigated with sewage at all the three sites were also much higher as compared to tubewell irrigation, but found less than lead and higher than chromium. Like all the heavy metals, nickel showed the similar trend for its accumulation in all the vegetables. The accumulations of all metals in vegetables irrigated with alternate treatment were even lower than those irrigated with sewage and higher than tubewell irrigation. Similarly, heavy metals accumulation in soil and vegetables were maximum at Taxila site, as the sewage used for irrigation was more contaminated as compared to other sites.
مولانا مفتی محمد یوسف بہاری دارالعلوم ندوہ کے تعلیم یافتہ علماء میں مولانا مفتی محمد یوسف صاحب بہاری ایک لائق فاضل تھے، افسوس کہ انھوں نے ۵؍ اگست ۱۹۲۵ء کو بعارضہ فالج لکھنو میں انتقال کیا، وہ ندوی علماء میں فنون ادب عربی میں کامل دستگاہ رکھتے تھے، فراغت کے بعد اپنی زندگی دارالعلوم پر وقف کردی تھی اور اس وقت وہاں وہ ادیب اول کے عہدہ پر ممتاز تھے، باوجود اس کے کہ ان کو دوسری جگہ بیش قرار تنخواہیں ملتی تھیں، تاہم انھوں نے جس خلوص اور ایثار سے تقریباً دس برس مدرسہ کی خدمت کی وہ تعریف و ستائش کی مستحق ہے، وہ نہایت خاموشی کے ساتھ اپنی خدمات ادا کررہے تھے، عربی رسائل میں ان کے مضامین شائع ہوتے تھے، عربی خواں طلبہ کی سہولت کے لیے شبلی بک ڈپو کے نام مصری مطبوعات کی بہم رسانی کا کام بھی انجام دیتے تھے، افسوس کہ ان کی جواں مرگی نے ہماری صف میں ایک ماتم برپا کردیا اور مدرسہ نے اپنے ایک لائق فرزند کے ساتھ اپنے ایک فاضل مدرس کو کھودیا، خدا مرحوم کو جوار رحمت میں جگہ دے، مولوی ابوالحسنات ندوی مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد ہماری برادری میں یہ دوسرا صبر آزما سانحہ پیش آیا ہے، مسلمانوں میں جو قحط رجال ہے اس کو دیکھتے ہوئے، ان نونہالان چمن کی بے وقت پژمردگی کس قدر پُرحسرت ہے۔ حسرت ان غنچوں پہ ہی جوبن کھلے مرجھاگئے (سید سليمان ندوی، اگست ۱۹۲۵ء)
Self-concept refers to the domain of self-descriptions that have self-evaluative connotation. Though many researchers embarked in the study of self-concept, and some even developed tests that measured self-concept, majority of these instruments had methodological and theoretical problems due to lack of systematic instrument development and presentation. The objective of the study is to develop a reliable and valid alternative approach to measuring the self in a semi-structured undisguised comics-type test that directly accounts for the way college students consider their choices of superheroes’ traits that characterizes their own. A preliminary survey on self-concept, in a form of open-ended statements was conducted to five hundred ninety-eight (598) college students of selected schools in Manila and Bulacan to know how college students see themselves indicatory of their self-concepts. Results of which, were collated to form the preliminary form. The preliminary form of the SCSS was administered to five hundred ninety-five (595) college students of different universities and colleges. Eighty-eight (88) items under eight (8) components were subjected to item analysis by identifying factors through a series of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Descriptive results were also calculated, as well as the exact reliability coefficient through split-half and Cronbach’s alpha. For the validity, content analysis was applied using two groups of experts who ascertain the suitability of each item in terms of content, relevance, clarity, appropriateness and their representations. They include three (3) experts who have a long experienced in comics industry and another three (3) experts in the field of college students’ self-concept formation. From the total of 88 items, 30 items were eliminated. However, the items that constitute the final form of the SCSS was concentrated into 55 items under six (6) factors upon post-analysis consideration. Statistical analysis revealed that the experts’ ratings were consistent and has high reliability with a generated r value of.894. The SCSS final form was administered to 809 respondents following the same procedures that were used for the preliminary form. The test scores were subjected to reliability facility, such as Alpha Coefficient and Split-Half, computing the reliability coefficients of the final form. Validity was established through convergent analysis, tested in a sample of 419 respondents who took the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS: 2) Adult Form. The test was found to have high reliability with r =.792.
Abiotic anxieties are appraised to be the focal root for worldwide garner revenue reduction and, considered as a pronounced restraint to agriculture.Therefore, it is especially important to cognize plants'' responses to such stressors, predominantly those heavy metals which act as micronutrients of plants. The potato peel surface was applied in order to find probable solution of this existing problem, especially for those areas where industrial wastewater is commonly used for irrigation of daily consumable crops or vegetables. This investigation based on such cost-effective technology which the farmer can easily be used at their main receiving channel of irrigation. For this purpose, potato peel surface was prepared by blazing and characterized via using SEM technology then used for recycling of laboratory prepared wastewater. The recycled water was used for cultivation of two important vegetables in comparison with plants grown in normal tap water and metal contaminated water. The ionomics (trace metals) tool was taken into consideration to state the related problems for better solution. The cultivation of three traits provide valuable information’s about ionomics impacts on ecosystem in relation with mushroom, weeds, insect’s growth and bird negligence towards metal mediated plants. The altered leaves structure and reduced stomatal size was accountable for reduced growth rate and adapted mechanism for survival in metal contaminated environment which was successfully controlled in recycled water. The data obtained described the accumulation of metal in plant and alteration which the plants respond at cellular level in presence of metal and its remediation results in the improvement in the biological mechanism in traits of which have been cultivated in the recycled wastewater for enhanced biomass production. Exposure of excessive concentration of Cu metal in plants b triggers a wide range of physiological and biochemical modifications like reduced growth rate, photosynthetic activity, disturb C, N metabolism with high proline and phenol accumulation. This was related to the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) usually produced in presence of Cu metal xxxii due to which plant responded defensive mechanism for absorption of ROS species while traits in recycled water showed normal mechanism which covers up decrease in the photosynthetic pigments, repair of damage chloroplast membrane, C, N metabolism with decrease enzyme activity. Furthermore, reduced growth rate in seedlings of plants b were observed up to maturity level with modified structure of fruit and flower, when seeds of plants b were grown in regular garden soil with irrigation by normal tap water in comparison of seeds of plant a and c showed abnormal growth rates. This modified seeds structure of plant b acquired, in contaminated environment, was alarming to us and indicates the need of technology which can give the support in crops augmentations for competitive population of the world. Hopefully this technology will provide support to farmer for their improving crops quantitatively and qualitatively without scarcity of water.