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Quantitative Determination of Pesticides in Human Biological Fluids and Food Stuffs

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Author

Latif, Yawar

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sindh

City

Jamshoro

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1328

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727056512

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The aim of present study was to assess pesticide residues in vegetables, fruits and human blood samples in the selected region of Sindh province, Pakistan. The concentrations of six pesticides were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detector (GC-MSD) in locally produced vegetables purchased from wholesale markets. A total of 200 samples of eight vegetables viz. cauliflower, green chili, eggplant, tomato, peas, bitter gourd, spinach and apple gourd were analyzed for pesticide residues. The results indicated that almost all samples were contained pesticides, only 39% contained pesticide residues at or below maximum residue limits (MRLs), and 61% contained pesticide residues above MRLs. From the six analyzed pesticides, carbofuran and chlorpyrifos were found above to MRLs with concentrations ranging from 0.01-0.39 and 0.05-0.96 mg kg -1 , respectively. A very sensitive analytical method for the determination of 26 pesticides in some fruits based on solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup was developed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with micro electron capture detector (μECD). The identity of the pesticides was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent for the extraction of pesticide residues with assistance of sonication. For cleanup an octadecyl, C 18 SPE column was used. A linear response of μECD was observed for all pesticides with good correlation coefficients (>0.9992). Proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of pesticide residues in the orange, apple, and grape fruits. Average recoveries achieved for all VIIof the pesticides at fortification levels of 0.05, 1.0 and 2.0 μg g -1 in analyzed fruits were above 90% with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 6%. A market based survey was carried out to evaluate the level of 26 pesticides in some commonly used fruits in Hyderabad region, Pakistan. Gas chromatography coupled with micro electron capture detector was used to assess the levels of pesticide residues. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was also applied for the confirmation of results. Out of total 131 analyzed samples, 53 (40%) were found contaminated with pesticide residues while only 3 (2%) samples were exceeded the MRLs of some pesticides. Chlorpyrifos and dieldrin were detected in almost all analyzed samples. Residues of chlorpyrifos (1256 μg kg -1 ) and endosulfan sulfate (1236 μg kg -1 ) were found higher in orange and apple samples, respectively. To evaluate the pesticide residues in human blood samples, two districts of Sindh Province i.e. Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas were selected. The volunteers of both districts were divided in to four groups on the basis of their exposure period to pesticides i.e. Group A- 5 to 9 years, Group B-10 to 14 years, Group C-15 to19 years and Group D-above 20 years. Out of total 188 volunteers, 145 volunteers (77.1%) were agro–professionals and 43 volunteers (32.9%) were non–agro professionals. Chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (p- chorophenyl) ethane (p-p–DDT) and parathion residues were detected in many samples. The predominant pesticides found in blood samples of both districts volunteers were chlorpyrifos (with highest mean concentration of 0.37 mg kg -1 in the D group of Mirpurkhas) and endosulfan (with highest mean concentration of 0.30 mg kg -1 in the D group of Hyderabad). The quantity of pesticide residues detected in some blood samples of agro-professionals were VIIIfound to be at the alarming level. The results provided important information on the current pesticide contamination status of some commonly used vegetables and pointed an urgent need to control the use of some excessively applied and potentially persistent pesticides, such as carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan. The findings of this study provided important data about contamination of pesticide residue in some fruits sold in Hyderabad, Pakistan, and recommended that monitoring studies should be expanded to other fruits grown in different agro climatic regions, which may serve as basis for future policy about the standards and quality control of pesticides.
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عدلیہ دا انصاف

عدلیہ د اانصاف
سیشن جج بہاولنگر دا مہر محمد عارف سیال
مظلوماں تے بے کساں دا کردا ہے بہت خیال
مظلوماں دی داد رسی لئی جدوں آپ عدالت آندے
سن فریاد قانون مطابق حکم صادر فرماندے
چھیتی عدل ملن تے سائل خوشیاں پاندے
جسٹس محمد منیر مغل دے نے آپ ہم خیال
پاک پاکیزہ رہن دا شوق زیادہ نیکاں صحبت پائی
من پاک تن وی صاف تے ماحول دی چاہن صفائی
عزت عظمت رب نے دتی بہتی شہرت پائی
ہر دم رکھدے یاد اللہ نوں کردے صدق مقال
کرن ہدایت ججز تائیں عدل نوں اپنانا
عدل انصاف قائم کرکے عدلیہ دی شان ودھانا
چنگی شہرت چنگی ہوندی چنگا کردکھانا
شعبہ عدل دا ہے در حقیقت مظلوماں دی ڈھال
بہاول نگر دی قسمت جاگی چنگا جج ہے آیا
مدت دے پرانے کیساں نوں کر سماعت نمٹایا
اہل علاقے خوشی منائی مولیٰ کرم کمایا
مظلوماں تے بے کساں دے دکھڑے دتے ٹال
سینئر سول جج چوپڑا صاحب چنگے اصولاں والے
کیساں دی گہرائی وچ جاکے فیصلے دین اوباہلے
ایہو جئے جج ہون تے کون وکیلاں نوں بھالے
نہ ہون اے جھگڑے مک جاون سب جنجال
کلم کلے رائونڈ تے نکلن کورٹاں نوں چیک کردے
کدوں آون کس ویلے آون ماتحت انہاں دے ڈردے
جام عبدالستار گسورا صاحب ہن کسے بھلے گھر دے
اوکھے سوکھے ویلے پچھن ماتحتاں دا حال
نیک نگاہ نال ہر کوئی ویکھے نیکاں نسبت پائی
اہناں دے آون پاروں ہوگئی چنگیائی
سیال صاحب دے سایہ تلے ماتحتاں موج منائی
سب ایتھے ہوگئے نے خوشحال
صوبے والے نظر عنایت توں کیوں ہوئے دور
اوتے عدلیہ تے تلے انتظامیہ گل کرن توں مجبور
چنگے لوگاں دے...

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AMONG PATIENTS WITH STAGE III PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Aims Of Study: The purpose of the study was to assess the functional capabilities of patients with Stage III Parkinson's disease (PD). Functional status of PD patients declines due to impaired postural reflexes and characteristic loss of balance which became evident at Stage III thus activities of daily living (ADLs) are compromised as the severity of the disease increases. Methodology:  Descriptive case series was conducted on stage III PD patients (n=64). Patients with age ranges from 45 to 75 years were recruited and patients with other neurological issues were excluded. They were assessed using a Functional independence measure scale having reliability 0.95. Results: Out of 64 patients, 75% required minimal assistance and 9.4% required supervision while performing the ADLs. Whereas, 81% of patients need 2 hours of personal care assistance according to burden of care. Limitations & Future Implications: Only functional status of PD patient is determined no exercise regime or intervention were incorporated to assess their impact on the PD patient functional activities. Thus, future studies should be carried out to find the correlation between aerobic exercises and their impact on PD patient level of functional independence. Originality: Information added was all taken from databases and reduced to similarity index and was not submitted to any other journal. Conclusion: Stage III Parkinson’s disease patient required minimal level of assistance while performing tasks of daily living. However, majority of these patients required 2 hours of personal care assistance on average per day to compete with daily living.

Purification and Characterization of Aflatoxins Produced by Indigenous Aspergilli under Optimized Conditions

MOLECULAR APPROACHES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF AFLATOXIN PRODUCING ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS ISOLATES FROM POULTRY FEED Aflatoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by aspergilli. Aspergillus flavus is one of the major aflatoxins producing specie. Present study was conducted to enumerate mycoflora of poultry feed and aflatoxin production potential of A. flavus. Home mixed and commercial poultry feed (n=20, each) were processed for determination of fungal load and isolation of mycoflora. Isolates were identified by culture and microscopic characters. Thin layer (TL) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for screening, identification and quantification of aflatoxins produced by A. flavus respectively. A. flavus were confirmed by specie specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Isolation frequency of different genera, Aspergillus species and toxigenic A. flavus was calculated. The fungal count in home mixed feed was 2x102 to 1.6x104 CFU/g whereas, in commercial poultry feed from 2x101 to 6x103 CFU/g. Aspergillus was the most prevalent genus in home mixed and commercial feed followed by Mucor. Among aspergilli, the highest percentage was of flavus (95%) followed by A. niger (75%), A. fumigatus (15%) and A. terreus (5%). A total of 32.61 percent (223/685) aflatoxin producing A. flavus from commercial and 16.67 percent (23/140) from home mixed feed were detected by TLC. These aflatoxins (AFs) were identified as AFB1 and AFB2 and AFG1 by HPLC. Amplicon (500 bps) of A. flavus was observed on 2 percent agarose gel. It was concluded that poultry feed may be a source of transmission of disease producing fungi and aflatoxins to poultry birds and human beings. Key words: Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus commercial poultry feed High performance liquid chromatography Home mixed poultry feed Polymerase chain reaction ENZYMATIC AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS Fungi especially Aspergillus species are potential candidates for production of mycotoxins and industrially important enzymes. Aspergillus flavus isolates (129) recovered from soil mixed with animal rations (n=145) had Aflatoxins (17.82%) and Enzymes (10.37%) production potential. Quantity of detected Aflatoxins varied for different isolates i.e., 3.25 to 11622.24ng, 21.34 to 194.47ng and 3.36 to 40.12ng per mL of Sabouraud‟s dextrose broth in case of AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 as determined by High performance liquid chromatography. Optimization of non-toxigenic starch hydrolyzing A. flavus was carried out at different incubation temperatures (22, 30 and 37°C), pH (4.5, 6 and 7.5) and substrates including maize, wheat bran and rice husk (1, 3 and 5% each) for incubation period of 7 days. In optimization experiments for starch hydrolysis, most of the A. flavus (86%) produced highest enzyme (IU) at 37°C and pH 6 quantified by Dinitrosalicylic method. Maximum isolates were able to produce enzymes using rice husk followed by maize. The maximum enzyme production by A. flavus was 179.88+1.71IU using one percent of maize at pH 6 and 37°C. It was concluded that indigenous A. flavus can be used in food industry as biological source of starch hydrolyzing enzymes.