An Analysis of Islamic Economic Model

The aim of this paper is to discuss some economic Islamic models given by some prestigious Islamic economists. The Islamic model is one of the examples for international economies in the starting of new millennium. It has its evaluation in the 1970s as an alternate to conventional banking system. The model is based on profit loss sharing and would not be based on interest. The study will focus on the proposed model and will discuss the issues that the model will be supposed to address. It was also address whether the model is applicable to Pakistan economy or not it will also be discussed. As we know that there is dual banking system in Pakistan. In order to make banking system to be truly Islam, there should be legal prohibition of riba. In other words, riba should be made unlawful and whoever deals with it can be prosecuted by law. By prohibiting riba, it will force the bank to be more creative in offering financing products rather than just loaning money. The study will attempt to show the comparison between conventional system and Islamic financial and discusses whether the Islamic system works smoothly on the economy of Pakistan. It also shows that Pakistan should change its dual banking system in Islamic banking system to change structure change. In addition, Islamic financing contract require real activities to be created. There will not be loans to finance extravagance lifestyle which is the source of bankruptcies among the younger generation. It is strongly recommended that Pakistan should enforce truly Islamic financial system to sustain its economy and avoid another economic crisis in the future.

Detection of Toxic Metals in Human Biological Samples of Cancer Patients

Cancer is known to be a process consisting of several steps and stages including initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis. Chemical carcinogens such as trace metals can cause variations in any of these processes to induce their carcinogenic effect. These elements perform specific and important functions in several metabolic processes of cells and tissues. Deficiency of trace elements or excess is implicated in the development of some cancers and stimulates the growth of tumors. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the concentration of trace elements Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb in non-invasive biomarker hair, nails and blood samples. These samples were collected from cancer patients from different hospitals of Karachi. In hair, nails and blood we have determined the concentration of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) in healthy and cancerous individuals. However, some drastic change was observed in cancerous and healthy samples of hairs, nails and blood. The results of healthy hairs and nails revealed high concentration of cadmium (Cd) as compare to cancerous hairs and nails samples. While the concentration of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) were found high in cancerous patients. A comparative study in blood of cancerous and healthy individuals showed that the mean concentration were higher in cancer patients related to the healthy except zinc which showed higher concentration in healthy. For the analysis of toxic metals in human biological samples, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS PE-AAnalyst-700) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS) were used. Statistical parameters were applied on the data to determine the significance of mean values between different and each sample. It was concluded that the mean concentration of Zn, Cu and Ni were within the range of WHO guideline except the concentration of Pb and Cd which were found higher than WHO recommended values. In cancerous hair and nails samples, all the metals were observed within the acceptable range with reference to WHO guideline. Anodic stripping voltammetry (CHI 760D) was used to determine concentration of Cu and Pb in cancerous and healthy human serum in presence of acetate buffer (pH 5.2, 0.1M) as supporting electrolyte at 30±1 0C by using Glassy carbon as a working electrode, Pt wire as counter and Ag/AgCl as reference electrode via standard addition method. This is a very sensitive and rapid technique. The level of concentration of copper and lead were determined by calibration curve. The sensitivity of proposed method was observed by regression statistic through LOD (133.9, 39.0 μM) and LOQ (44.1, 13.0 μM) with the correlation coefficient (R2) 0.903, 0.957 for copper and lead respectively. Heavy metals may have prognostic importance in complex diseases such as cancer and this fact may be associated to environmental or occupational factors. The significance of this technique is that it required minimum time, least quantity of sample with higher sensitivity. The techniques used for this study are very fast and efficient. This quantitative study is helpful to know the impact of toxic metals on our environment and human health. It is very necessary to investigate the concentration of toxic metals in biological samples because now a day’s these metals produce many disorders and diseases like cancer.