In the present thesis, the dilute solutions of succinic acid have been used to investigate the selective leaching of calcareous material in low-grade phosphate rock. The effective parameters on the dissolution rate are reaction temperature, particle size, acid concentration and liquid-solid ratio. The results indicate that succinic acid can be used to selectively dissolve the calcareous material in low-grade phosphate rock as it improves the P 2 O 5 content of the rock and makes it viable as a feed to an acidulation plant. Using the known size particles of the sample, acid concentration and liquid-solid ratio, the influence of different reaction temperatures has been studied in order to elucidate the leaching kinetics of calcareous material in the rock. The results show that the leaching rate of calcareous material increases with increasing temperature. A kinetic model has been suggested to describe the selective leaching process of calcareous material analyzing the kinetic data. The selective leaching curves have been evaluated in order to check the validity of shrinking core models for liquid-solid systems. The experimental data have been tested by graphical and statistical methods and it is found that the leaching of calcareous material in the rock is controlled by the chemical reaction i.e. 1 - ( 1 - x ) 1 / 3 = 1 . 47 ´ 10 6 e - 64 . 92 / RT t . The apparent activation energy of the dissolution process has been found to be 64.92 kJ mol -1 over the reaction temperature range from 313 to 353 K. Such a value of activation energy indicates that the process is a chemically controlled reaction and agrees with the values obtained in the similar research of fluid- solid reaction systems. The agreement between the experimental conversion and the 17values calculated from the suggested empirical equation has been tested, and which is found to be very good. For a comparison study, lactic acid has also been used to study the selective leaching kinetics of calcareous phosphate rock. The effect of acid concentration, liquid/solid ratio, particle size and temperature has been studied in order to expound the leaching kinetics of calcareous material in the rock. It has been found that the leaching rate of calcareous material increases with increasing the acid concentration, liquid/solid ratio and temperature and decreasing particle size. A semi-empirical model has been suggested to illustrate the selective dissolution of calcareous material analyzing the experimental data. The selective leaching curves have been evaluated to test the validity of kinetic models for liquid-solid systems. The kinetic data are analyzed by graphical and statistical methods and it has been found that the dissolution of calcareous material in the rock is controlled by 1 - ( 1 - a ) 1 / 3 = 19 . 1 C 1 . 753 ( L / S ) 1 . 627 D - 0 . 737 e - 42954 chemical . 62 / RT reaction i.e. t . The analysis of the obtained results reveals that the applicability of the suggested model is good and it can work within a certain range for the choice of adjustable parameter values depending on the degree of selective leaching. The results show that the controlling step of the overall process of the heterogeneous reaction is a chemical change. According to the analyzed results, it is recommended that the parameter values for the optimum selective leaching rate are C = 8% v/v, L/S = 7 cm 3 g -1 , T = 318 K, SS = 350 min -1 and D = 0.1255 mm.
مہاراجہ سرکرشن پرشاد پچھلے مہینہ ملک میں کئی افسوس ناک موتیں ہوئی یمین السلطنت مہاراجہ سر کرشن پرشاد جنہوں نے پورے ۳۷ برس تک دکن کے سیاسی و انتظامی معاملات کی سربراہی کی، وفات پائی، ۱۹۰۲ء میں وہ دولت آصفیہ کے پیش کار و صدر اعظم مقرر ہوئے، اور تھوڑے تھوڑے وقفہ کے ساتھ برابر اپنے عہدہ پر فائز رہے، وہ راجہ ٹوڈرمل کی یادگار تھے، اصلی وطن لاہور اور پھر دہلی ہوا، اور یہاں سے آصفجاہ اول کے ساتھ ان کا خاندان دکن کو منتقل ہوا، اور ہمیشہ شاہان آصفیہ کے سیاسی ومالی مہمات میں کار پرداز بنا رہا۔ مہاراجہ سرکشن پرشاد عربی، فارسی اور انگریزی تین زبانوں سے واقف تھے اور تینوں میں باتیں کرتے تھے، علمی مذاق صاف ستھرا تھا، شعر و سخن کا چسکا رکھتے تھے، تصوف میں وحدۃ الوجود کے عقیدہ کے نہایت سخت معتقد اور حامی تھے، اور اسی کو ہندو مسلم اتحاد کا ذریعہ سمجھتے تھے، سرکار رسالتﷺ کی بارگاہ میں بھی کبھی کبھی عقیدت کا اظہار کرتے تھے، ان کی ایک نعت کو یہ شرف حاصل ہے کہ مدینہ منورہ میں مسجد نبویؐ کے پیچھے کتب خانہ شیخ الاسلام کی ایک دیوار پر آویزاں ہے، مرنج و مرنجان، شریف، وضعدار، اورپرانی شریفانہ خصوصیات کی اپنی آپ مثال تھے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۴۰ء)
According to Islamic Criminal Law, Apostasy is a crime, severely punishable in this world and hereafter. Some people are of the view that worldly punishment is not mentioned in Quran. Rather the rule has been given that a man is free to choose or give up any religion; no one would be compelled in this regard. This is essential to contemplate this critical matter; What is the accurate interpretation of the verses of the Quran in this regard? How the worldly punishment of Apostasy is derived from Quran? What is the meaning of "There is no coercion in Islam"? Either Islam prohibits every form of coercion or it has also been used in some commands of Islam? In this article, a critical analysis of these doubtful questions regarding the punishment of Apostasy is presented in the context of the Holy Quran.
Research suggests numerous views to account for exploration of Islamiat teachers' practices and beliefs. One view states that teachers' lived experiences, which they may get from home, Madarsas or schools, shape their beliefs and practices. This research sets out to gain insight into the beliefs and practices of secondary school teachers about teaching of Islamiat. A case study of one teacher from Private Schools in Karachi, Sindh and six students (students of research participant in Class viii were selected purposefully and randomly respectively). The teacher was viewed to be knowledgeable and experienced about Islamite teaching by virtue of her profession, the school was selected to represent a private school that was influenced by one of the religious community. Data were mainly collected by means of semi-structured interviews, informal discussions and classroom observations, which utilized in-depth, open-ended questions to yield teacher's past and present experiences, current beliefs and teaching practices. The findings revealed the following: the teacher (Kiran) appeared to believe that reason is the cornerstone for teaching Islam to students. Students should be taught, on the basis of reason otherwise their minds could be manipulated. However, she was had view that it is not possible for a teacher to have full command over the subject or be fully knowledgeable of about all the questions students have. However, the teacher can sincerely work hard to know much about Islam by reading different authors, particularly the Quran, without translation, as she tells that translation is influenced by personal bias.