Trace rare gas optical emission spectroscopy (TRG-OES) is carried out to investigate the excitation temperature, relative densities of active species (N, N2+) and nitrogen dissociation in inductively coupled helium admixed nitrogen plasma for different rf power (50, 100, 150 W), pressure (0.2 – 0.5 mbar) and helium percentage (10-90 %) using Ar as an actinometer (4 %). The excitation temperature is obtained from Boltzmann plot method using emission intensity of several argon lines. The dissociation of nitrogen has been investigated by both the actinometry method and the ratio of the atomic nitrogen line emission intensity at (746.83 nm) to the vibrational band (0-0) of the N2 second positive system at 337.1 nm. The excitation temperature increases with the increase in power and helium percentage and decreases with increase in fill pressure. The nitrogen dissociation as well as the relative densities of [ ] and [ ] increases with the increase in helium percentage. Optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe are used to diagnose the low pressure inductively coupled Ar-N2 plasmas for different discharge parameters such as rf power (10-100W), filling pressure (0.02-0.4 mbar) and argon content (5-95%) in nitrogen discharge. Both diagnostic tools are used to obtain the plasma parameters including the excitation temperature, the density of active species in ground electronic state, dissociation fraction, electron temperature, electron number density and electron energy probability functions (EEPFs) in Ar-N2 plasmas. It is noticed that the actinometry is an efficient and reliable technique to calculate the densities of nitrogen species. It is also observed that the active species generation, dissociation fraction and electron temperature significantly depend on discharge parameters and may be used to optimize the plasma reactor. Mixture of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are treated for different treatment time (0-120min) at optimum discharge conditions. Changes induced in the elemental composition, surface morphology, crystallographic structure, and structural disorder in the plasma irradiated CNTs are analyzed by EDX, FTIR, SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Ar-N2 mixture plasma treatment of CNTs leads to significantly increase the electrical conductivity, modify the microstructure and induce structural disorder and a transition of crystalline phase from well crystalline to an amorphous structure.
انگریز راج سے پہلے پنجاب سکھو ں کی سلطنت کے تحت تھا۔مسلمان ایک قیدی جیسی زندگی گزار رہے تھے نہ وہ اذان دے سکتے تھے، گائے ذبح کیے جانے تک پر موت کی سزا کا حکم جاری ہوتا تھا۔جنگ کے دوران سکھ خود کو بچانے کیلییمسلمان خواتین کو گھرو ں سے نکال لاتے اور ٹینکوں کے اردگرد باندھ دیتے تاکہ مسلمان حملہ نہ کرپائے۔یہ تھی جنگ کے دوران بربریت کی حالت سکھ قوم جب بھی تشدد کرتی تو زیادہ تر مسلمانوں کو ہی اپنے تشدد کا نشانہ بناتی لوٹ مار کرتے ہوئے بے تکلفی سے کام لیتی۔مسلمانوں کے بڑے مقبروں سے بھی سکھ قوم نے پتھر اکھیڑ دیے۔ان حالات کو دیکھتے ہوئے مسلمان قوم اس حکومت کے ختم ہونے پر شکر ہی کرسکتی تھی۔ ہمارے ملک نے الگ پہچان پانے کیلئے نہ جانے کتنی سختیاں برداشت کی ہیں، آج کا انسان اس بات کا اندازہ لگا ہی نہیں سکتا۔
تقسیم ہند کے کچھ واقعات ایسے ہیں کہ جن کو سن کر پڑھ کر دل خون کے آنسو روتا ہے ، روح کانپ جاتی ہے۔یہ ہم ہیں جو سنتے ہیں ،صرف محسوس کرتے ہیں تو روح کانپ جاتی ہے تو وہ لوگ جنہوں نے اس کو جھیلا ہے، ان کو سوچ کر آنکھیں اشکبار ہوجاتی ہیں۔تقسیم پاک وہند میں اپنی جانیں،عزتیں ،مال ودولت سب کچھ قربان کردیا صرف اپنے اس پاک وطن کی خاطر۔وہ دن جب اس خوشی کااعلان کیا گیا تو ہر طرف ہنگامہ ہو گیا۔خوشی تھی کہ قیام پاکستان کا اعلان کیا گیا وہ مبارک 27 رمضان المبارک کی کڑی صبح اپنے ساتھ ساتھ غم کا پیغام بھی لائی کہ ہمارے مسلم بے یارو مددگار کہیں مردہ تو کہیں زندہ پڑے نظر آئے۔یہ ایک کڑا امتحان تھا ہمارے لیے...
The people of Sindh throughout history remain always very tolerate with one another personal belief. In this context the first person who write down the biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Sindhi language was a Hindu namely Lal chand amr dino mal jugtiani, his book “Muhammad Rasoolullah P.B.U.H.” published in 1911 A.D. He not only written biography but also condemn those prejudice orientalist as well as native masses against their extremes behavior on pious character and caliber of noble Prophet of Islam. He along with other few notable writers namely Jath mal pursaram guljarani “Paighmbar-i- Islam”. Amar lal vasan mal hingorani “Mir Muhammad Arabi” 1947 A.D and an English book translated by Hout chand dial mal jughtyani “Isalm jo Paighabar” 1931 A.D. In this article researcher highlights their work along with their brief life sketch.
This thesis develops and demonstrates the research complemented by theory and applications carried out in ensuring stability of actuator constrained linear control systems. The work focuses the posteriori approach in the design of controller dealing with saturation effect. Anti-windup compensator is therefore explicitly synthesized for ensuring stability of constrained state delay systems and constrained cascade control systems. Having gone through a detailed study of contemporary research literature, it has been devised that constrained state delay systems and constrained cascade control systems are the areas need to be addressed significantly using anti-windup compensator technique. Therefore the first prong of research focused stability of constrained state delay systems using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. Anti-windup compensation is incorporated in Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) based formulations in varied conditions of state delay systems. First, the research taps the stability of constrained multiple state delays system. This work broadly envisages mixed delay-dependent / delay-independent multiple state delays, delay-independent multiple state delays, delay-dependent multiple state delays, delay-independent single state delay and delay-dependent single state delay linear control systems. Second, the research devises a novel approach of dealing with saturation problem using two-controller anti-windup design for enlarging domain of stability of constrained state delay systems. This approach is yet not found in the literature surveyed. Third, the research addresses an improved asymptotic and exponential stability of constrained state delay systems by removing the inherent system steady state delay with higher delay bounds. Lastly, the research concerns stability issue in constrained uncertain state delay systems. In the second prong of research a modified full order and static low order anti-windup compensators are successfully designed for decoupled architecture based actuator constrained cascade control systems. Besides, the same compensator is designed for rate limiter incorporated actuator constrained control systems. The design parameters are based on LMIs and solved using optimization techniques. To validate the design, detailed experimental results are also generated while successfully applying on temperature and motor speed control process variables. It is said that the thesis is a heuristic compendium of inferring the core significance of anti-windup compensators in overcoming the wind-up effect in PID based process control. Keywords - Anti-Windup Compensator, Time-Delay Systems, Linear Matrix Inequalities, Domain of Stability, Pole-Constraints, Cascade Control, Norm-Bounded Uncertainty, Multi-loop Compensation, Amplitude-Rate Limiter, Motor Speed Control, Cascade-loop Compensation, Block Diagonal Quadratic Lyapunov, Lyapunov-Krasovskii Functional and System Identification.