The correlation of biological activities of compounds with their redox properties is the subject of extensive investigations of bioelectrochemists. Schiff bases, quinones and naphthalenes contain electroactive moieties and their broad range biological activities are closely related with the ability of these compounds to donate and/or accept electrons. We synthesized Schiff bases 1-((4-bromophenylimino) methyl) naphthalen- 2-ol (BPIMN) and 1-((2,4-dimethylphenylimino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol (HL) and used HL as a ligand for the preparation of its metallic complexes. All the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, FTIR, TGA and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Structures of Schiff bases were also characterized by X-ray analysis and the experimental findings were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. The results of BPIMN were compared with a structurally related Schiff base, 1-((4- chlorophenylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol (CPIMN). The photometric and electrochemical fate of all these Schiff bases were investigated in a wide pH range and the obtained results helped in proposing the redox mechanistic pathways. The synthesized compounds were subjected to numerous biological applications and the results revealed that Schiff base HL and its metal complexes other than oxovanadium complex remarkably decrease the blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The metal complexes were found to exhibit significant inhibition against alkaline phosphatase enzyme as compared to Schiff bases. The zinc complex was found as the most potent inhibitor of bacteria/fungi while the vanadyl product displayed the least activity among all the metal coordinated products. Quinones, another biologically important class were also investigated due to their robust electrochemical properties and wide range of biological activities. The laxative and therapeutic activities of quinones are related to their redox characteristics. Electrochemically unexplored hydroxy substituted quinones including 4-hydroxy-5-methoxynaphthalene-1-ylacetate (HMNA), 1,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy- 3-(trichloromethyl)pentyl)-8-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione 2(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione anthracenedione acetate (DHDN) (HACAD), (HAC), (HCAQ), 1-hydroxy- 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-dinitro 4,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl 1,4,5-trihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione (HAD) and 1,4,5- trihydroxy-2-methyl-3-(3-oxobutyl)anthracene-9,10-dione (HOAD) were selected and their redox behavior was studied in a wide pH range using modern electrochemical techniques. Kinetic parameters such as diffusion coefficient and iiiheterogeneous electron transfer rate constant and thermodynamic parameters of the electron transfer processes such as ∆G # , ∆H # and ∆S # were electrochemically evaluated. Their redox mechanisms were proposed on the basis of experimental findings supported by computational calculations. Moreover, a detailed UV–vis spectroscopy was carried out in a wide pH range for photometric characterization and acid-base dissociation constant, pK a determination. Though naphthalene by itself is toxic, however, some of its derivatives are bestowed with medicinal properties. Two biologically important naphthalene derivatives, naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (NDA) and 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene (DMN) were characterized by electrochemical techniques and screened for their antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. NDA was found less toxic to HeLa cells and biological antioxidant studies revealed it as a more effective antioxidant as compared to DMN and standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Both NDA and DMN significantly increased the cholesterol level in blood but showed varied biological activities as regards to glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The cytotoxicity results evidenced DMN to significantly inhibit the cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Like the biological antioxidant studies, the electrochemical results also witnessed NDA as stronger antioxidant than DMN. pH dependent oxidation of NDA revealed its antioxidant role to be exerted both by the donation of electrons and protons. Although the oxidation potential of NDA is greater than the widely used natural antioxidant, ascorbic acid, yet it is capable of donating two electrons as compared to one electron donating ability of ascorbic acid. The redox mechanistic pathways proposed in this work are expected to provide useful insights about the unexplored mechanisms by which Schiff bases, quinones and naphthalenes exert their biochemical actions.
دکھاں دی سِر چائی پنڈ درداں سانوں دتا پھنڈ جہیڑا یار ملاوے گا اس دے منہ وچ گھیو تے کھنڈ جدوں وچھنا یار میرا ٹٹے مان گمان گھمنڈ جہیڑے سجن سچے ہِن اوہ نہیں لگن دیندے کنڈ وقت وہاندا جاندا اے کر لے یار ویلے دی ونڈ انڈیا(۱) جدوں ہلایا آ اوہدے منہ تے ٹُھکی چنڈ (۱) ۲۷ فروری ۲۰۱۹ کو انڈیا کے دو جہاز پاکستان کی حدود میں آئے۔ دونوں کو مار گرایا گیا۔
Morality is the essence of humanity and is a basic need of every society for the development, prosperity, sincerity and brotherhood. Nobody can present good character without morality. Our beloved and last Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم (settled clear rules in this regards in every dimension of life. In this paper an attempt was made to discussed the Prophetic code of ethics regarding to three basic dimensions of life, political ethics, teaching and preaching ethics and ethics in family life.
This specific study has been conducted with the aim to highlight and describe the effects of mergers and
acquisitions on risk reductions, profitability, efficiency and growth of banking sector of Pakistan. Ten banks
operating in Pakistan having observed merger or acquisition transaction including Faysal Bank, United Bank
Limited, JS Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, NIB Bank, KASB Bank, MCB Bank, Habib Metropolitan Bank, Habib
Bank and Bank Alfalah have been taken as a sample.
The financial analysis has been made with the help of financial ratios before and after merger or acquisition
transaction to analyze the effects of the M&A activities. The paired sample T-test has been employed to verify
the difference of performance of merging and acquiring banks before and after M&A transactions.
It has been found out from the results of this study that merger and acquisition transactions have no significant
effects upon risk reduction, profitability, efficiency and growth of banking sector of Pakistan which is consistent
to the several prevailing studies.