زین الدین ابن نجىم اور ہربرٹ بروم کى فقہی و قانونی تعبیرات کے حوالے سے قاعدہ ازالہ ضرر و مشقت کا عمومی جائزہ

Both Zainuddin Ibn Nujaim (d. 970HJ) and Herbert Broom (d. 1882CE) are famous for the arrangement, interpretations and for sound applications of juristico-legal maxims and rules respectively in Muslim and western world of law and jurisprudence. The al-Ashbah wa-Al-Nazair  of Ibn Nujaim and Broom’s Legal Maxims of Herbert Broom speak of their deep approach to the concerned discipline. This article provides a general analysis of the juristico-legal interpretations regarding the elementary maxim of hardship and injuria remedium (hardship and harm remission) as made by Ibn Nujaim (d.970HJ) and Herbert Broom(d.1882CE) in their aforesaid books.

Organic and Inorganic N-Fertilizer Management for Rice under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Nitrogen (N) is the most important crop nutrient for improving crop productivity in rice-wheat cropping system. The continuous use of chemical fertilizer would lead gradual to decline of organic matter content and native N status in the soil, and decrease productivity in rice-wheat system. Alternatives have to be found out to improve the productive capacity of rice soils. Therefore, the present research was designed to investigate the application effect of six different organic N sources (OS) applied alone and in various combinations (75: 25, 50: 50 and 25: 75 %) with urea (U) on rice hybrid (Oryza sativa L., cv. Pukhraj), and their residual effects on the yield and yield components of subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Siren). The field experiment was carried out on farmer’s field at Butkhela (Malakand) during 2011-13. The results revealed that the rest (N applied plots) showed better growth, higher yield and profitability than control (N not applied) in both crops. The inorganic N fertilizer (urea) was more beneficial in terms of better growth, yield, yield components, and profitability in case of current rice crop but had the less residual soil residual N after rice harvest that showed negative impact on the yield, yield components and profitability of subsequent wheat crop when compared with OS. Among the six OS used [three each from animal manures (AM) and three crop residues (CR)], poultry manure (PM) improved growth, yield components, biological (16331 kg ha-1) and grain yields (8459 kg ha-1), rice grains N contents (22%), soil N content (726 mg kg-1) after rice harvest, and had the highest profitability (192,000 PKR) than other OS. Results revealed that application of wheat straw resulted in the lowest biological (13020 and 7916 kg ha-1) and grain yields (6200 and 3219 kg ha-1) in both crops respectively and also had the less profitability (28,000 and 39,000 PKR) under rice-wheat system. Among the three ratios used, applying the required N (120 kg N ha-1) at the rate of 50% each from urea and OS (50:50) improved growth, biological (19415 and 8298 kg ha-1) and grain yields (9417 and 3451 kg ha-1 ) of rice and wheat, respectively, and also had the highest profitability (328,000 PKR) under rice-wheat cropping system. In both years, the yield and yield componetns, and profiatibility was higher while using mixtures of urea + AM than Urea + CR. The combine application of U + PM had the most positive, while, U + WR showed the most neagtive impact on yield and profitability under rice-wheat system. Increase in yield and yield components of the subsequent wheat crop was noticed with the increase in residual soil N (sole OS > OS + urea > sole urea > control). It can be concluded from the present findings that combined application of organic sources with urea not only improved growth, yield and yield components and profitability of the current rice crop; but their residual effects also increased yield, yield components and profitability of the subsequent wheat crop. It was therefore, suggested that application of organic sources in combination with urea (50:50) could increase the productivity, soil fertility and profitability under rice-wheat cropping system on sustainable basis.