Botrytis grey mold (BGM) is the most important biological constraint for lentil crop in Pakistan. During 2007-08 and 2008-09, 912 varieties/lines were evaluated under field conditions. There was no line found to exhibit immunity against Botrytis grey mold. 452 and 236 varieties/lines exhibited moderately resistant response against Botrytis grey mold during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. During 2007-08 and 2008-09, 652 and 863 varieties/lines exhibited susceptible response to Botrytis grey mold. 166 varieties/lines exhibited highly susceptible response to Botrytis grey mold during 2007-08, while 171 one exhibited highly susceptible response to Botrytis grey mold during 2008-09. Maximum disease development occurred at temperature 23-26 oC and 18-24 oC, relative humidity at 5 pm 36-54 %, rainfall 0-3 mm, wind speed 3-5 Km/h and sun shine 6-10 hours. The data of susceptible to highly susceptible lines/ varieties and meteorological variables were subjected step wise regression analysis based on two years data a model consisting of all environmental variables explained 98 % variability in disease development. When these were split by years; a three environmental variable model consisting of sun shine hours, relative humidity % at 8 am, relative humidity % at 5 pm explained 96 % variability in botrytis grey mold severity during 2008. However, during 2009, four environmental variables model consisting of wind speed Km/h at 8 am, max temperature oC, relative humidity % at 5 pm and rain fall mm explained 99 % variability in botrytis grey mold severity. For the management of BGM, three antagonists (Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger), three plant extract (Azadirachta indica, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Eucalyptus terticornis) coupled with three fungicides including Topsin-M, Cabriotop, and Antracol with different doses were used in laboratory experiment to assess their effectiveness against the colony growth of Botrytis cinerea. Out of these, Cabriotop, Trichoderma harzianum, Azadirachta indica were found effective in inhibiting the mycelium growth of the fungus. These same treatments were also found effective in greenhouse experiments. The most effective treatments were tested on two varieties and one advanced line under field condition. Among these Cabrio top at 150 ppm was most effective in controlling BGM on Masoor-85, Masoor-93 and line 00518. The protective spray of these treatments was significantly effective compared to curative spray.
ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد، ۲۶ اپریل ۱۹۳۲ ء کو ضلع حصار، ہریانہ، بھارت میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۵ء۔ ۱۹۴۶ ء میں حصار ڈسٹرکٹ مسلم سٹوڈنٹس فیڈریشن کے فعال کا رکن اور جنرل سیکرٹری رہے۔
۱۹۴۷ ء میں میٹرک کے امتحان میں ضلع حصار میں اوّل اور پنجاب یونیورسٹی میں مسلم طلباء میں چوتھی پوزیشن حاصل کی۔ ہائی سکول کی تعلیم کے دوران ہی علامہ محمد اقبال (۱۸۷۷ء۔ ۱۹۳۸ء) کی ولولہ انگیز ملی شاعری سے ذہنی و قلبی رشتہ استوار ہوا اور احیائے اسلام کے لیے عملی جدوجہد کی امنگ سینے میں پرورش پانے لگی۔
اکتوبر، نومبر ۱۹۴۷ ء میں براستہ سلیمانکی قافلے کے ساتھ بیس دن پیدل سفر کر کے پاکستان آئے۔ ۱۹۴۹ ء میں گورنمنٹ کالج لاہورسے ایف۔ ایس۔ سی
( میڈیکل) میں پنجاب یونیورسٹی میں چوتھی پوزیشن حاصل کی۔ ۱۹۵۴ ء میں کنگ ایڈورڈ میڈیکل کالج لاہور سے ایم۔ بی۔ بی۔ ایس کیا۔ ۱۹۶۰ء۔ ۱۹۶۱ء میں منٹگمری (موجودہ ساہیوال) میں حلقہ مطالعہ قرآن و اسلامک ہاسٹل قائم کیا۔ ۱۹۶۲ ء میں والدین کے ہمراہ پہلی بار حج کی سعادت حاصل کی۔
۱۹۶۵ ء میں کراچی یونیورسٹی سے ایم اے اسلامیات کا امتحان فرسٹ کلاس فرسٹ پوزیشن میں پاس کیا اور اواخر سال لاہور منتقل ہوکر کرشن نگر ( حال اسلام پورہ) میں ذاتی مطب قائم کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ مطالعہ قرآنِ حکیم کے متعدد حلقے قائم کیے۔ فروری ۱۹۷۱ ء میں دوبارہ حج بیت اﷲ سے مشرف ہوئے۔ اس موقع پر زندگی کا اہم ترین فیصلہ یعنی آئندہ میڈیکل پریکٹس چھوڑ کر بقیہ زندگی ہمہ وقت دین کی خدمت میں وقف کرنے کا عزم کیا۔
۱۹۷۲ ء میں تعلیمات وافکارِ قرآنی کے فروغ کے لیے مرکزی انجمن خدام القرآن، لاہور کے...
The purpose of this study is to determine whether earnings per share, profitability, leverage, sales growth and research and development intensity have a significant effect on firm value. This research method is quantitative research by taking samples using a purposive sampling technique based on predetermined characteristics of 7 telecommunications sub-sector companies listed on the IDX for the 2018- 2022 period. The type of data used is secondary data and the method of analysis used is panel data regression using Eviews. The results showed that the calculation of the hypothesis that is earnings per share has no significant effect on firm value with a significant level of 0.1905 > 0.05. Profitability has a significant positive effect on firm value with a significant level of 0.0015 <0.05. Leverage has no significant effect on firm value with a significant level of 0.1873 <0.05. Sales growth has a significant positive effect on firm value with a significant level of 0.0276 <0.05 and the intensity of research and development has no effect on firm value with a significant level of 0.2800 > 0.05. For simultaneous testing, it is obtained F count of 2.202910 with a probability of 0.000159 <0.05 meaning that earnings per share, profitability, leverage, sales growth and research and development intensity influence simultaneously on firm value.
In this study, highly toxic and persistent in nature organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides (Endosulfan and Dimethoate respectively) were used as the agrochemical pollutant, and CeO2-ZnO, CdS, Cu2-xS and NixZn1-xS doped with CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites were individually used to degrade these pesticides. Organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides are the most commonly used pesticides in agriculture. These pesticides are most persistent in nature and remain in soil and food for a long time. CeO2ZnO nanocomposite has the advantage of having a low band gap as compared to only cerium oxide and the doping of metal sulfide further lower the band gap, thus resulting in better optical and photocatalytic properties of nanocomposites. The redox coupling of Ce4+/Ce3+ and formation of oxygen vacancies in cerium oxide play a key role in its photocatalytic activity. In this study, metal sulfide doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposite show high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of pesticides. CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites are synthesized with the magnetic stirring method and hydrothermal method. The varying pH of CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites during synthesis reaction helped to evaluate the appropriate reaction parameters for synthesis. It was observed that the crystallite size of nanocomposites slightly changes with an increase in pH of the reaction, but the hydrodynamic particle size of nanocomposites was smallest for the nanocomposite prepared at pH 9.FTIR results showed fewer impurities in samples prepared at higher pH. CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites prepared with the hydrothermal method at pH 9 have nano-polyhedral CeO2 structures deposited on spear shape ZnO structures. These CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites were further used for the synthesis of metal sulfide (CdS, Cu2-xS, NixZn1-xS) doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites. The doping of CdS, Cu2-xS, NixZn1-xS on CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites was done by using surfactant assisted hydrothermal method. All the metal sulfide doped nanocomposites were prepared by using the same reaction conditions, i.e., time, temperature, dopant concentration and zwitterionic surfactant (SB3-12). Abstract ii | P a g e The properties of all these nanocomposites (CdS, Cu2-x S and NixZn1-xS doped with CeO2ZnO nanocomposite) were evaluated by using different characterization techniques including FTIR, XRD, PL, SEM, TEM, DRS-UV/Vis, and a nanoparticle size analyser. It was found that the concentration of dopant has affected the crystal structure of CeO2-ZnO nanocomposite. The powder XRD results were elaborately studied with the help of Rietveld refinement using software EXPGUI and GSAS to determine the crystal structure and phase analysis of prepared nanocomposites. The further crystal structure studies were done by using VESTA 3 and Diamond 4 software. The powder XRD results show the change in peak position and intensity after the doping of metal sulfides. In CdS doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites, the XRD peaks shifted to higher 2θ angle due to changes in lattice structure. A characteristic peak of Cu1.97S was observed at2θ = 37°, in XRD pattern of Cu2-xS doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites and a gradual change in intensity at 2θ = 36.2° (101) was observed with change in dopant concentration. Similar change in intensity with variation of dopant concentration was observed in powder XRD patterns of NixZn1-xS doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites at 2θ = 31.8o (100). The peak intensity was unusually high and increased as the concentration of dopant precursor was decreased. The incomplete phase detection of dopants was the result of weakly crystallized and highly dispersive nanoparticles deposited on the surface of the base material. The photocatalytic activity results showed that all metal sulfide doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites efficiently degraded Endosulfan as compared to Dimethoate. CdS doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites showed highest rate 164.9 x 10-3 min-1 for the photodegradation of Endosulfan. Whereas, NixZn1-xS doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites showed highest rate 25.5 x 10-3 min-1 for the photocatalytic degradation of Dimethoate pesticide. The number of oxygen vacancies increased in metal sulfide doped nanocomposites which may have been resulted from lattice expansion of CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites, the particle size decreases and catalytic activity increased. The presence of oxygen vacancies was observed in photoluminescence spectra of nanocomposites. The number of oxygen vacancies were calculated from lattice constant of nanocomposites. Abstract iii | P a g e The further work will be done on the metal sulfide doped CeO2-ZnO nanocomposites with different atomic ratios (CexZn1-xO2y) and with different reaction conditions. The hydrothermal synthesis method can be replaced with microwave assisted method to save time. These nanocomposites are unique in their chemical composition and structure. More advanced techniques than conventional powder XRD such as neutron diffraction can be used to evaluate the structural properties of nanocomposites and submit in ICDD database. These nanocomposites can be used for degradation of other pesticides