Water stress or drought is the most important factor limiting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. A better understanding about the mechanism of water stress tolerance provides basic strategies for crop breeding for drought tolerance. One hundred and twenty genotypes of tomato were evaluated and ranked for drought tolerance at seed germination and seedling stage under stress induced by polyethylene glycol (molecular weight of 8000) at 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% (w/w) concentrations. Further, based on simple and multiple selection criterions, eleven genotypes were selected to determine biochemical indicators for drought tolerance through growth, yield and physiological responses under water stress of 80%, 60% and 40% field capacity at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Two-week-old genotypes were subjected to various levels of PEG8000-imposed water stress (Control, 5%, 10% and 15%) for a period of two weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange characteristics were measured and A/Ci curve was drawn to further understand underlying mechanism of water stress tolerance in different tomato genotypes. Studies were carried out at PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan and The University of Manchester, England. Overall, it was found that some tomato genotypes maintained their degree of water stress tolerance at different developmental growth stages. However, mechanism of water stress tolerance varies different tomato genotypes. The most important mechanism was dehydration avoidance characterized by significantly higher growth rate under water stress conditions. The second mechanism was efficient portioning of biomass characterized as higher growth and relatively lower yield under stress conditions. The third mechanism was osmotic adjustment characterized by higher accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline, soluble sugars, higher antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic activity. Water stress tolerant genotypes Lyallpur-1 and CLN1767 were most tolerant tomato genotypes characterized with higher growth, tomato yield, higher antioxidant and photosynthetic capacity. In conclusion, our results indicate that the selection based on growth and some physiological attributes like osmotic adjustment, antioxidant and photosynthetic capacity under appropriate water stress conditions similar to target environments are critically important for improving both drought tolerance and tomato yield potential which is of great commercial importance.
یادِ خلیل مرزا غالب مرحوم نے عارف کی موت پر کہا تھا: ہاں اے فلک پیر جواں تھا ابھی عارف کیا تیرا بگڑتا جو نہ مرتا کوئی دن اور ڈاکٹر خلیل الرحمن اعظمی مرحوم کی خبر وفات سن بے ساختہ یہ شعرزبان پر آگیا، ابھی شاید وہ پچاس کے ہوں، بھلا یہ مرنے کے دن تھے، لیکن تقدیر کے راز کون سمجھ سکتا ہے، انّ اجل اﷲ اذا جاء لا یوخّر[نوح: ۴]۔ وہ بہت ہو نہار، لائق اور ذی استعداد تھے، اپنی صلاحیت سے انھوں نے اس کم سنی ہی میں اردو کے مشہور نقادوں، ممتاز ادیبوں اور اہم شاعروں کی صف میں اپنی جگہ بنالی تھی، ان کا نام ادبی حلقوں میں عزت سے لیا جاتا تھا اور ان کے خیالات کا وزن محسوس کیا جاتا تھا۔ وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مردم خیز خطہ سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، سرائے میر کے قریب ایک گاؤں سیدھا سلطان پور کے رہنے والے تھے، ان کے والد محترم مولانا محمد شفیع صاحب مرحوم بڑے نیک نفس اور مقدس بزرگ تھے، مدرستہ الا صلاح سرائے میر کا قیام انھیں کی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ ہے، جس کے نظم ونسق کی ذمہ داری ترجمان القران مولانا حمیدالدین فراہی نے بعد میں علامہ شبلی مرحوم کے ایماء سے قبول کرکے اس کو بڑی شہرت و ترقی دی تھی، مولانا محمد شفیع مرحوم کے پانچ صاحبزادوں میں خلیل صاحب سب سے چھوٹے مگر اپنی صلاحیتوں کے اعتبار سے سب میں ممتاز تھے، انھوں نے شبلی نیشنل اسکول سے میٹرک پاس کرنے کے بعد علی گڑھ مسلم یو نیو رسٹی میں داخلہ لیا، تعلیم مکمل کر چکے تو وہیں شعبۂ اردو میں لکچرر ہوگئے، بعد میں ترقی کرکے ریڈر ہوئے، وہ اپنے استادوں میں پروفیسر رشید احمد صدیقی مرحوم کی عقیدت کا دم بھرتے تھے، وہ ان کے ادب و انشا کے بڑے مداح اور...
Every Human being needs family system to live with dignity. There is joint family system, and separate family system in practice in Muslim Societies. Shah Waliullah gave concept of ideal family system. The ingredients of ideal family system of Shah Waliullah are Nikāḥ, Siblings, Property, Love and Society. People faced many problems for living respectfully, and born grave losses due to war. Shah Waliullah not only taught us religious teachings but also guided us how to make our socio- economic system strong as well as family system. In this article, his teachings and thoughts about family system have been discussed.
The water pollution is one of the environmental problems due to the bioaccumulation tendency of toxic materials. The purpose of present study was to treat wastewater through bioprocesses, in combination with nanofiltration (NF) as a post treatment process to remove heavy metals (Cu(II) & Pb(II)), and reactive dyes (Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL & Drimarine Black CL-B) from aqueous solutions. The bioprocesses were conducted in batch and column mode. The biosorption characteristics of immobilized heat inactivated hybrid biosorbent (HI HB) and Active hybrid biosorbent (Active HB) for metal ions and dyes removal were assessed as function of biomass dosage, contact time, pH, initial dye/metal ion concentration and temperature. Maximum uptake of Cu(II), Pb(II), Drimarine Black CL-B & Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL was 213.53, 365.90, 14.57 and 7.82 mg/g at pH 5, 4.5, 3 & 3, respectively, by immobilized HI HB. The biosorption capacity did not increase with increase in biomass dosage. Langmuir isotherm described well the biosorption process. The kinetic data fitted well to pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic study illustrate that process was feasible at low temperature. Removal of Cu(II), Pb(II), Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL & Drimarine Black CL-B with immobilized Active HB was also explored as a function of pH, biomass dosage, initial dye/metal ion concentration, contact time and temperature. The results demonstrated that all studied parameters influenced the process. Increase in initial dye/metal ions concentration and bed height was found to be favorable conditions for maximum dye/metal ions removal in column mode study. Characterization of biosorbent was carried out by FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD and TGA analysis. FTIR analysis of biomass showed participation of –OH, and –COOH as major functional groups involved in sequestering of metal ions and dyes from aqueous solution. Furthermore, NF increased the % removal of studied metal ions and dyes. The study provides understanding on treating wastewater through adsorption in combination with NF for Cu(II), Pb(II), Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL & Drimarine Black CL-B removal.