The present study was designed to remove five different direct dyes (Direct Violet 51, Indosol Turquoise FBL, Indosol Black NF, Indosol Yellow BG and Indosol Orange RSN) from aqueous solutions by using agro-industrial waste materials (sugarcane bagasse, peanut husk, corn cobs, cotton sticks and sunflower) in batch and column mode. The batch mode study was performed to compare the biosorption potential of native, pretreated and immobilized forms of biosorbents for the removal of direct dyes. Important process parameters like pH, contact time, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature were optimized during batch experiments. The results revealed that low pH, low biosorbent dose and low temperature were the feasible conditions for maximum removal of dyes. The pretreated form of biosorbents depicted highest biosorption capacity (39.6 mg/g for Direct Violet 51, 65.09 mg/g for Indosol Turquoise FBL, 89.6 mg/g for Indosol Black NF, 79.5 mg/g for Indosol Yellow BG and 79.7 mg/g for Indosol Orange RSN) as compare to native and immobilized form of biosorbents. The experimental data of all the five dyes was subjected to different kinetic models and pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be best fit on the experimental results. Different equilibrium isotherms were applied on the data to explain the mechanism of biosorption and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted very well on the experimental results for all the dyes. Thermodynamic study showed that biosorption process was feasible at lower temperatures as indicated by lower values of ∆G. The negative values of ∆H indicated that biosorption process was exothermic in nature. The column mode experiments were conducted to optimize the bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentration. Higher bed heights, lower flow rates and higher initial dye concentrations were found to be favorable conditions for maximum dye removal in column mode study. Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the main and interaction effects of three important parameters like initial dye concentration, biosorbent dose and pH on the removal of direct dyes and results were analyzed by ANOVA and p-values. The biosorption process was also applied on the real textile effluents for the efficient removal of COD. Characterization of biosorbents was carried out by FT-IR and SEM analysis. The results revealed that agricultural waste materials have high biosorption capacities for the removal of dyes from wastewaters.
(1) Tesīr Al-Qur’ān By Maulānā ‘Abd Al- Raḥmān Kelānī
Author's Introduction
Maulānā‘Abd al- Raḥmān Kelānī was born on 11th November, 1341A. H/1923A. D at the famous Caligraphic Centre of Ḥaḍrat Kelianwāla, District Gujrānwāla. His respectable father Nūr Ilāhī (d:1362A. H/943A. D) was also a well-known Caligrapher. [1]‘Abd al- Raḥmān Kelānī studied upto Matric (1360A. H/1941A. D). He appeared in a military examination in 1363A. H/1944A. D to serve in the Army and stood first. The Brigadier Examiner lay down a condition that if he shaved off the beard, he would stand selected to join the Brigade but he refused to do so. Like a commoner, he was thus recruited as an ordinary clerk and sent to Rāwalpindī. In 1366A. H/1947A. D, he left the Army to join the institution of Fīrōz Sons and took up his family profession as a Caligrapher. He commenced the writing of the Qur’ān in 1366A. H/1947A. D and by end of 1401A. H/1981A. D, he took down nearly fifty scripts. In 1405A. H/1985A. D, he passed the examination of Wafāq al-Madāris in the 1st division. [2]He authored several books. On 18th December1416A. H/1995A. D, he came from his home to the mosque to say ‘Ish’a prayer in the congregation; bowed down in 1st rak‘at for the 1stSajidah and never got up again to breathe his last.
Tesīr al-Qur’ān
Translation: Maulānā‘Abd al- Raḥmān Kelānī
Margin (sideline): Ḥāfīẓ ‘Atīq al-Raḥmān Kelānī
Islāmic Press “Dār al-Salām” Wassanpurah, Lāhore
Volume: 686 Pages
Literal or Proverbial Translation
While translating the Qur’ān in its literal meaning and proverbial style, an effort has been made to...
The sayings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) have very great importance for Muslims, it is a second source of Islamic legislation. It is the source for the education of morality and knowledge of the legacy of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and logic in dealing with the circumstances of different conditions. One can say that it has great literary and historical importance too because it gives us the opportunity to reach a comprehensive view of human history. The Had┘th has great impact on literature, like: -Impact on language - Impact on prose - Impact on poetry - Impact on calligraphy - Impact on creating new fields of knowledge - Introduction of new narrative style - Abolition of vulgar Literature. In this paper it has been described that the beauties of Citation from Had┘th in the prison`s poetry of famous Andalusian poet Abdul Malik bin Idrees Al-jazar┘ Al- Undlus┘.
Hepatitis C is a worldwide problem which lead to the death of millions of people every year. In
thalassemia patients, there is more risk of Hepatitis C infection due to multi transfusion in
thalassemia patients. There is likelihood that the different Genotypes of HCV may be present in
patients of thalassemia due to infection with Hepatitis C during blood transfusion.
The main objective of this study was to rule out different types of HCV RNA Genotypes in the
patients Beta-thalassemia and to rule out the causative mutation of the patients with Beta
Thalassemia. A total of 100 clinically confirmed patients of Beta thalassemia were included in
this study those were enrolled at Thalassemia clinic, Sheikh Zayed Hospital/ Medical College,
Rahim Yar khan. The screening of blood samples were performed for the detection of anti-HCV
antibodies by ICT method. 42 (42 %) samples were found positive and 58 (58 %) were negative
for anti-HCV antibodies. The samples with HCV positive results were processed for HCV RNA
amplification by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. HCV-RNA was detected
in 18 (7.56 %) samples while 24 (10.0 %) samples were HCV-RNA not detected. These Real time
PCR assay was run for the characterization of HCV genotype and found that 17 out of 18 samples
were of HCV RNA Genotype 3 while single RNA was The HCV RNA Genotype 1. Therefore,
HCV RNA Genotype 3 is most predominant type of HCV in Rahim Yar Khan Region of the
Punjab province. It can also be depicted that HCV Genotype 3 is the most wide spread strain in
Thalassemia patients. There was no strong association of liver function tests was found in HCV
positive patients. The DNA from these patients was investigated for screening of genetic
variations by Sanger?s DNA sequencing method in selected region of Beta Hemoglobin gene
(HBB) i.e. present on chromosome 11. The sequence analysis revealed a single base change
(G>C) in intronic region at c.507 in 30% samples while a single nucleotide variation (T>C) at
c.58 was found in 70% DNA sequences. The haplotype analysis was carried out and no
significant impact of the variation was found on protein structure and function i.e. synonymous
change of codon CAT>CAC (His=). So the identified genetic variations in the selected regions of
Beta Hemoglobin gene (HBB) have no significant impact on its phenotype in Thalassemia
patients from Rahim Yar Khan District of the Punjab, Pakistan.