Women Dealing with Health Problems in Desert: A Case Study of Cholistan

Being a desert, Cholistan has nomadic and semi-nomadic culture with life threatening climatic and geographic conditions. In fact, life in Cholistan revolves around search for water, food and fodder. Health problems are also acute among these desert dwellers. The area is deprived of healthcare services. The existing literature on Cholistan desert contains no scholarship on the ways of dealing with health problems particularly of women. This article is the first of its kind to explore this aspect. Using ethno-methodology, primary data were collected from 50 elderly women through protracted qualitative interviews and participants observation. Thematic analysis technique was used for analyzing the data. The findings of the study reveal that several intertwined factors such as lack of road and transportation facilities, lack of healthcare infrastructure and qualified medical staff, adverse weather conditions, mass illiteracy, ignorance and existence of massive poverty are main factors responsible for poor health of women in the Cholistan. Also, women’s health problems are given little importance because of male dominance and male support and approval is sought by women before getting medical treatment. In addition to this, lack of access and poor awareness about modern healthcare services, make women in Cholistan rely mainly on self-medication and local remedies such as ethnomedication and spiritual healing.

Integrated Nitrogen Management With and Without Beneficial Microbes in Spring Maize and its Carry over Effect on Subsequent Mung Bean

The effectiveness of beneficial microbes in improving soil fertility and crop productivity may vary with soil organic matter and nitrogen contents. For this purpose, field trials were conducted at the Agronomy Research Farms of the University of Agriculture Peshawar to evaluate the effect of beneficial microbes, organic and inorganic N ratios and N levels in spring maize and mung bean cropping system in semi-arid alkaline calcareous soil condition of Peshawar during 2014 and 2015. Maize was sown in spring followed by mung bean in summer. The experiment was consisted of three factors i.e., beneficial microbes (BM) (with BM and without BM), organic and inorganic N sources (R) (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0), desired nitrogen (N) levels (100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1) and control. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Plot size was 4.2 m x 4 m having six rows in maize and 12 rows in subsequent mung bean. Row to row distance for maize and mung bean was 70 and 35 cm respectively. Mung bean was sown without application of the cited treatments for carry over only. Based on the average results of the two years, BM significantly enhanced plant height (220 cm), SPAD value (62.53), days to tasselling (63.3 d), silking (66.9 d), maturity (101 d), leaf rea (437 cm2), LAI (3.47), ears m-2 (7.0), grains ear-1 (576), thousand grains weight (269 g), biological yield (16543 kg ha-1), grain yield (5438 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.9 %), soil organic matter (1.04 %), stover N (0.77 %), grain N (1.64 %), grain protein (10.23 %), stover N uptake (76.3 kg ha-1), grains N uptake (89.8 kg ha-1), total N uptake (127 kg ha-1) and N use efficiency (24.5 kg grains kg-1 N supply). Higher soil mineral N (47.7 mg kg-1) was observed without application of BM. Application of organic and inorganic N in 50:50 R significantly improved plant height (222 cm), SPAD value (63.68), days to tasselling (63.1 d), days to silking (66.9 d), days to maturity (100 d), leaf area (456 cm2), LAI (3.61), ear m-2 (7.0), grains ear-1 (554), thousand grains weight (266.3 g), biological yield (16792 kg ha-1), grain yield (5732 kg ha-1), harvest index (34.1 %), stover N (0.81 %), grain N (1.68 %), grain protein content (10.5 %), stover N uptake (81.06 kg ha-1), grains N uptake (97.17 kg ha-1), total N uptake (131.9 kg ha-1) and N use efficiency (25.9 kg grains kg-1 N supply). Higher soil organic matter (1.21 %) was observed with application of full dose of N applied from organic source. Soil mineral N (50.2 mg kg-1) and soil total N (0.085%) were observed with application of organic and inorganic N in 75:25 R. Application of N @150 kg ha-1 significantly increased SPAD value (61.9), leaf area (445 cm2), LAI (3.59), ears m-2 (6.9), grains ear- 1 (548), thousand grains weight (266.2 g), grain yield (5228 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.7 %), grain N (1.63 %), grain protein (10.19 %) and grains N uptake (85.82 kg hav 1). Higher plant height (220 cm), days to tasselling (63.9 d), silking (67.3 d), and maturity (102 d), biological yield (16589 kg ha-1), soil organic matter (1.21 %), soil total N (0.082%), stover N (0.89 %), stover N uptake (93.13 kg ha-1) and total N uptake (144.03 kg ha-1) were observed with application of 200 kg N ha-1. Similarly, N use efficiency (26.13 kg grains kg-1 N supply) were recorded with application of N @ 100 kg ha-1. In mung bean, higher pods m-2 (214), grains pod-1 (11), thousand grains weight (50.8 g), grain yield (918 kg ha-1), biological yield (5896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (17.12 %) were observed with the residual effect of BM. However, more pods m-2 (231), grains pod-1 (11.2), thousand grains weight (50.8 g), grain yield (927 kg ha-1) and biological yield (6141 kg ha-1) were obtained with the residual effect of organic and inorganic N in 75:25 and 50:50 R while higher harvest index (17.7 %) was observed with organic and inorganic N in 50:50 R. Higher grains pod-1 (10.8), thousand grains weight (51.24 g), grain yield (917 kg ha-1) and biological yield (5935 kg ha-1) were observed with the residual effect of 150 kg N ha-1 while higher harvest index (17.12%) was observed with residual effect of 100 kg N ha-1. On the basis of above results, it was concluded that BM in combination with N @ 150 kg N ha-1 in organic and inorganic ratio of 50:50 performed better and are, therefore, recommended for higher productivity in spring maize-mung bean cropping system in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar Pakistan.