Wastewater which is produced from different textile industries is also the major cause of water pollution. In present research work, the optimum conditions of biosorption experiments for the elimination of synthetic dyes were determined by doing batch and continuous study. The optimum pH for getting the maximum biosorption of four selected acid dyes (ADG-180, AO-RL, ANB N-RBL and ATB E-2G) was observed in acidic range (2-6) while the 0.05 g/50 mL biosorbent dose (PPy/SB, PAn/SB, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St; PPy/RH, PAn/RH, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St; PPy/PH, PAn/PH, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St andPPy/CS, PAn/CS, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St ) was determined as optimum dose for the removal of all four selected acid dyes respectively. The equilibrium was attained within 45-60 min for all selected biosorbents for the elimination of selected acid dyes. The optimum initial dye concentration was observed in 125-150 mg/L range to get maximum acid dyes elimination using different types of selected biosorbents. The optimum temperature for getting maximum removal of all selected acid dyes was observed as 30 ºC and reduction in biosorption potential of all biosorbents was investigated by temperature rise. It showed the exothermic nature of all biosorption processes that engaged in elimination of selected acid dyes. Langmuir and Freundlich biosorption equilibrium isotherms showed satisfactorily fitness on biosorption data where as the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order both demonstrated satisfactory fitness on experimental kinetic data. Various thermodynamical parameters were determined to know about nature and feasibility of biosorption. Biosorption capability of selected efficient biosorbents for their respective acid dyes was reduced significantly by surfactants/detergents presence in acid dye solution. Maximum desorption was achieved using 0.5 N NaOH. In column study; 3 cm, 70 mg/L and 1.8 mL/min were observed as optimum bed height, inlet initial dye concentration and flow rate for attainment of highest biosorption of ADG-180, AO-RL, ANB N-RBL and 90 mg/L for ATB E-2G dye. The biosorption study of real textile effluents was also carried out for the application of this technology on practical scale. The characterization ofprepared biosorbents was done by FT-IR, thermal analysis and SEM which provided significant information about thermal stability, active binding functional groups and surface morphology.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
23:01 a. Indeed, The Believers will succeed.
23:02 a. The Believers are those who humble themselves in their Salat/Prayers,
23:03 a. and those who avoid frivolous talk and behavior,
23:04 a. and those who regularly pay out the Zakat/annual charity,
23:05 a. and those who guard their chastity -
23:06 except from their spouses or from those whom their right hands possess - for then, indeed, they are free from blame.
23:07 a. But whoever seeks beyond that limit, those - they are the transgressors,
23:08 a. and those who faithfully keep their trusts, pledges, contracts, and promises,
23:09 a. and those who guard their Salat/Prayers from worldly distractions.
23:10 a. It is they - they are the inheritors -
23:11 who will inherit the Paradise of Firdaws, they will live therein forever!
23:12 And, indeed, WE created the human being out of the essence of clay.
23:13 Thereafter, WE made him as a mingled drop in a secure repository of the female’s womb.
23:14 And, then, WE made an embryo/clot from the drop, and then WE made a lump from the embryo/clot, and, then, WE made bones from the chewed-up lump, and, then, WE clothed the bones with flesh and muscles. And, then, out of that tiny drop, WE structured him into yet another creation. So Exalted is Allah - the Best Creator of all creators!
Counseling is a vital pillar of Islamic Shariah by which teachings of Islam are interpreted to solve the modem day problems. It plays a crucial role in highlighting and resolving the collective issues of Muslim Ummah. The West has risen to this power and status because their thinktank body works actively. They have the current situation under their scrutiny and thus hold a guiding light for their nations. It is hightime for the Muslim Ummah to act proactively for the solution of multiple problems being faced by the Muslim Ummah. A think-tank body of the Muslim Ummah may not only unite the Muslim Ummah but it may pave the way for glorifying the Muslim Ummah. Such a think-tank shall give representation to the Muslim scholarly community.
Cognitive dysfunction or brain fog is a major public health concern of 21st century associated with many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer Disease (AD). Memory is the key function of brain where the neural circuitry necessary for memory and learning is present in hippocampus of the brain. Nootropic drugs help in boosting cognitive skills while amnestic drugs disturb memory and learning process. The potential pharmacological role of flavonoids with special emphasis on their nueroprotective and nootropic effects is still uneplored. In this connection, the current research study was planned to synthesize flavonols with substitution and were subjected to a series of tests to examine their antioxidant potentials, safety and enzyme inhibition, molecular docking, nootropic activity and their biomarker studies. A simple and convenient methodology for flavonol derivatives (OF1-OF12) was used to synthesize the flavonols from ketone and substituted benzaldehyde. Initially electronically and chemically different flavonol derivatives (OF1-OF6) were synthesized. OF1 being the parent flavonol has hydrogen on its para position. The OF2 (N,N-dimethyl, N(CH3)2, strong electron donating and activating ), OF3 (chlorine, Cl, halogen), OF4 (methyl group, CH3, slightly electron donating and slightly activating), OF5 (methoxy group, OCH3, strong electron donating and strong activating) and OF6 (trifluoromethyl, CF3, strong electron withdrawing and strong deactivating) were synthesized and characterized. Similarly, flavonol derivatives OF7 and OF8 by changing the position of methoxy group from para to ortho and meta position followed by synthesis of dimethoxy derivatives of flavonols (OF9-OF12) in order to see the effect of 2nd methoxy group. The flavonol derivatives (OF1-OF12) studied in the acute and sub acute toxicity at different dose levels in phases were safe and suggested to be virtually nontoxic. The molecular docking studies of different flavonol derivatives attested the in-vitro cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) studies. The assessment of nootropic potentials of the selected synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) at the dose of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg was done out by applying well established passive avoidance step through test, passive avoidance step down test and novel object recognition (NORT) assay models. At a dose of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, all the tested flavonol exhibited a significant (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, n=8) step through latency (STL) that are comparable to amnesic group (scopolamine treated). Among the different flavonol derivatives, OF5 and OF11 were found the most potent flavonols suggesting that methoxy group is important for activity. The OF5 has methoxy group (OCH3) at para position and OF11 has methoxy groups (OCH3) at ortho and para position which is strong electron donating and activating group. In the passive avoidance step down test, the step down latency and in NORT, the percent discrimination index DI was also significant when mice were treated with flavonols (OF1-OF12) and tested against these models. In addition, it showed that synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) is decreasing the acetyl cholinesterase activity while also increasing the acetylcholine levels in the brain of test animals. The synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH and CAT) and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA level) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of brain. Pretreatment of mice with synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) produced significant change in SOD activity (2.94 to 2.25 folds) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex when compared with scopolamine treated (amnesic) group. Moreover, treatment of OF5 and OF11 significantly increased (P< 0.001) SOD activity by 2.82 (29.83±2.01, n=8) and 2.94 (31.07±1.92, n=8) folds compared to amnesic group. Moreover, the pretreatment of mice treated with 50 mg/kg of synthetic flavonols (OF1- OF12) significantly increased catalase levels in the hippocampus (4.06 to 2.93 folds) and frontal cortex (3.35 to 2.65 folds) when compared to amnesic. The synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) prevented scopolamine-induced elevation in MDA level as indicated by significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, n=8) less MDA level in mice brain regions (hippocampus and cortex). There was significant rise (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001) in level of GSH in brain regions (hippocampus 3.66 to 3.44 folds and frontal cortex 3.22 to 2.73 folds) of group treated with synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) in comparison to scopolamine group. In short, the correlation of in-vitro study, in-vivo and ex-vivo animal study of synthetic flavonols (OF1-OF12) at the dose of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg significantly improved the memory of mice and reversed the amnesic response induced by scopolamine.