قرآن كا تصور ارض

The Almighty Allah has exhibited His quality and power of Creation through bringing into existence of this Universe and several creatures in it. Amongst these creatures, are the earth and the skies. According to Islamic doctrine, Allah the Almighty created seven skies. Similarly, he created seven earths, "This is the only Allah who has created seven skies and the same numbers ofearths where His order is obeyed. So that you may know that Allah is the omni-potent and He has circumpassed all the things by His power ofknowledge. In the present article, efforts have been made to know the literal meaning ofthe term "Ardh", which standfor the earth in Arabic. Basic kinds and subsequently the different terms used by the holy Quran for Ardh have been discussed with special refrence to Tabqatul Ardh (layers of earth) . The paper aims to illuminate that the Quran has numerous secrets of universe which need to be discovered in the best interest of the humanity

Effects of Sand-Shale Anisotropy on Ava Based Reservioir Characterization

Conventionally, AVO/AVA method is widely being used for reservoir characterization process on the assumption of isotropic (earth) medium. Seismic anisotropy is considered to produce first order effect upon the amplitudes of seismic wave, but this effect is often ignored during AVA studies for ease of processing, which may give unrealistic reservoir characterization results. The principal objective in this research work is to estimate the seismic anisotropy of a composite sand shale reservoir and incorporate it into AVA studies for accurate and improved reservoir charterization. A further aim of this work is to give complete workflow for the charaterziation of such reservoirs and its application to the real data from a gas prone field in Pakistan. The main elements of AVA based reservoir characterization of composite sand shale anisotropic medium include forward (rock physics and seismic modelling) and inverse modelling (recovering the spatial distribution of crucial reservoir properties). An anistropic composite sand shale medium can be characterized by five independent elastic constants either in the form of stiffness constants or two vertical velocities and three anisotropy coefficients. These five elastic constants for dry porous media has been estimated using anistropic effective medium theory in the contaxt of rock physics modelling. The input to rock physics modelling is obtained via petrophysical analysis of available wireline log data. The effective elastic constants obtained from rock physics modelling for composite sand shale medium is used for seismic AVA modelling of composite sand shale anisotropic medium in the form of angle-dependent refelection coefficients and/or seismic AVA data by using approximate and exact PP- reflection coefficients solution. During seismic inversion phase of reservoir characterization process, Bayesian inversion approach has been adapted to recover/invert the important reservoir parameters (porosity, volume of shale and water saturation) from AVA data and to carry out uncertainty analysis associated with these estimates. Our AVA modelling and analysis results on Sawan area under isotropic conditions show that seismic AVA modelling provides a strong relationship between porosity and reflection amplitude for all offset (or incident angle) ranges. From fluid saturation variation modelling it is evident that changes in water saturation do not change the AVA effect significantly which is further substantiated by investigation of CDP gathers. The seismic AVA modelling for different porosity/saturation values suggest that AVA analysis is prone to find porous sands rather than gas saturated sands. The same is shown by AVA crossplot between intercept and gradient which point out high porosity zones rather than high gas saturations. The results from our complete workflow applied on composite sand shale medium (in which shale is present in the form of lenses creating anisotropy) suggest that one can recover Vshale even at higher amount of uncertainty in AVA data, as the peak for marginal distribution lies mostly around the true value. For small amount of uncertainty in AVA data, our workflow gives reliable estimates for Sw, but as the noise increases in AVA data, it becomes difficult to recover Sw. The results from application of our workflow on C-sand reservoir of Sawan area (shale is present in the form of layers creating anisotropy) show that anisotropy effects are more pronounced in stratigraphic intervals where interbedded shales are relatively thick within reservoir sand (Sawan-06 well).The exact solution for VTI media provided by Daley and Horn’s (1977) is one with the highest potential for performing AVA inversion in sand shale composite medium with weak to strong anisotropy. We have demonstrated this fact by completing a numerical synthetic experiment for recovering porosity distributions through the Lower Goru C-sand reservoir.