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Repeatability, Genetic Gain and Path Coefficient Analysis in Sugarcane Saccharum Officinarum L .

Thesis Info

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Author

Amjad Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Haripur

City

Haripur

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Plant Breeding & Genetics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11228/1/Amjad%20Ali_PBG_2019_Haripur_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727084505

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A set of 16 sugarcane genotypes comprising two check cultivars (CP-77/400 and Mardan-93) were assessed for repeatability, genetic gain and path coefficient analysis during 2012-14 and 2013-15 at Sugar Crops Research Institute (SCRI) Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The data were recorded on growth, cane, quality and yield traits for three crop seasons. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes, crops and genotypes x crops interaction. Repeatability (h2 broad sense) under plant crop, for different characters showed varying levels and it was moderate forinternode length (43%), cane yield (41%), number of nodes (39%), cane length (39%), millablecane (35%) and 2nd plant height (30%). Low repeatability was noted for 2nd tillering (12%) and 1st tillering (10%) under plant crop. Under ratoon crop, moderate repeatability was noted for 2nd tillering (47%), 1st tillering (39%) and internodes length (34%). Low repeatability was noted for brix (28%), cane yield (25%), cane diameter (23%), 1st plant height (19%), millablecane (17%), number of node (16%), recovery (16%) and cane length (15%) under ratoon crop. Across crops low repeatability was noted for internode length (26%), number of nodes (23%), 2nd tillering (14%) and 1st tillering (10%). Genetic gain under plant crop was higher for cane length (36.53 cm), 2nd plant height (31.84 cm) and 2nd tillering (12.98 tillers per 9 m2).Under ratoon crop, the genetic gain was higher for 2nd tillering (54.86 tillers per 9 m2), 1st tillering (40.88 tillers per 9 m2) and 1st plant height (15.63 cm). Genetic gain across crops was higher for 2nd tillering (15.52 tillers per 9 m2), cane length (9.55 cm) and 1st tillering (9.24 tillers per 9 m2). Under plant crop, highly significant and positive correlation of 1st tillering (rg = 1.00 , rp = 0.85), 2nd tillering (rg =0.96, rp =0.83), 1st plant height (rg =0.89, rp =0.77), 2nd plant height (rg =0.95, rp = 0.81), cane length (rg =0.90, rp = 0.76), number of nodes (rg =0.79 , rp = 0.67), internode length (rg =0.80, rp =0.74) and millablecane (rg =0.96, rp = 0.87) was noted with cane yield at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Similarly brix showed positive and highly significant phenotypic correlation with POL (rp =0.84) and recovery (rp = 0.71). Under ratoon crop, highly significant and positive correlation of 1sttillering (rg = 0.89 , rp = 0.81), 2nd tillering (rg = 0.92 , rp = 0.84), 1st plant height (rg = 0.86 , rp = 0.75),2nd plant height (rg = 0.96 , rp = .78), cane length (rg = 0.97 , rp = 0.69), internode length (rg = 0.77 , rp = 0.71), recovery (rg = 0.83 , rp = .64) and millablecane (rg = 0.85 , rp = 0.67) was noted with cane yield at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Brix showed positive and highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation with POL (rg = 0.99, rp = 0.98) and recovery (rg = 0.68, rp = 0.65). POL also has highly significant and positive correlation with recovery (rg = 0.72, rp = 0.70) at both the levels. Across crops, highly significant and positive correlation of 1st tillering (rg = 0.78 , rp = 0.70), 2nd tillering (rg = 0.86 , rp = 0.76), 1st plant height (rg = 0.95 , rp = 0.73), 2nd plant height (rg = 1.00 , rp = 0.77), cane length (rg = 0.77, rp = 0.63), internode length(rg = 0.85 , rp = 0.77) and cane diameter (rg = 1.00 , rp = 0.72) was observed with cane yield at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Millablecane showed highly significant and positive correlation at genotypic level while significant at phenotypic level (rg = 0.64, rp = 0.57) with cane yield. Brix showed highly significant and positive correlation with POL (rg = 1.00, rp = 0.95) and recovery (rg = 0.66, rp = 0.67) at genotypic and phenotypic levels. POL also has highly significant and positive correlation with recovery (rg = 0.74, rp = 0.79) at both the levels. Path analysis showed direct positive phenotypic effect on cane yield by 2nd tillering (P1,10 = 0.12), 2nd plant height (P2,10= 0.13), number of nodes (P3,10= 0.14), internode length (P4,10=0.32), brix (P5,10= 0.39), purity (P7,10=0.36) and millablecane (P9,10=0.39)under plant crop. However at genotypic level direct positive effect on cane yield was showed by 2nd tillering (P1,10=0.21), 2nd plant height (P2,10=0.42), number of nodes (P3,10=0.03) and millablecane (P9,10=0.63. Under ratoon crop, path analysis showed direct positive phenotypic effect on cane yield by 2nd tillering (P1,10=0.28), 2nd plant height (P2,10=0.04), cane length (P3,10=0.33), internode length (P5,10=0.32), cane diameter (P6,10=0.08), recovery (P8,10=0.06) and millablecane (P9,10=0.37). The direct positive genotypic effect on cane yield was exhibited by 2nd tillering (P1, 10= 0.16), 2nd plant height (P2, 10=0.40), cane length (P3,10=0.07), internode length (P5,10=0.24) and recovery (P8,10=0.73). Across crops, direct positive phenotypic effects on cane yield was showed by 2nd tillering (P1,10=0.20), 2nd plant height (P2,10=0.27), cane length (P3,10=0.19), internode length (P5,10= 0.28), recovery (P8,10=0.42) and millablecane (P9,10=0.05), however cane length (P3,10=2.36) and recovery (P8,10=1.94) had direct positive genotypic effect on cane yield. GenotypeMS-91-CP-523 had the highest path index values of 240.39 and 439.69 and performed better than rest of the genotypes under plant and across crops, respectively. Under ratoon crop genotype MS-2000-Ho-360 had the highest path index value of 141 and performed better than rest of the genotypes. Results further suggested that path analysis technique combined with development of path index could be successful in selection of sugarcane genotypes for improving overall selection approaches. The parameters with more broad sense heritability and genetic gain can be exploited in sugarcane breeding programs. The parameters having direct effect on cane yield must be given more importance in the breeding and selection strategies. Research should be focused on the selection of genotypes which has good performance both under plant and ratoon crops conditions. The genotypes with good performance may be tested further.
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کومل شہزادی

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''میرواہ کی راتیں ''ناول کے مصنف رفاقت حیات ہیں ۔جو ایک عمدہ ناول نگار ہیں اور ان کے اس ناول نے ناول کی دنیا میں اپنا ایک مقام بنایا ہے ۔ یہ 15 اپریل 1973 کو محراب پور ، ضلع نوشہرہ سندھ میں پیدا ہوئے یہ ناول 2019ء میں عکس پبلی کیشنز سے شائع ہوا ۔جو 144 صفحات پر مشتمل ہے ۔ناول کا مرکزی کردار جس کے ذریعے ناول میں دیہی علاقے کی بھرپور عکاسی کی گئی ہے ۔نذیر جو کام کی غرض سے اپنے چاچا اور چاچی کے ہاں رہائش پذیر ہے   ۔ نذیر میر پور ماتھلیو سے ٹھری میرواہ آیا کیونکہ وہ اپنے والدین  کی آتھ اولادوں میں چوتھے نمبر پر تھا ، اس لیے اس کے حصے میں ماں باپ اور بڑے بھائی اور سب سے چھوٹے بھائی کے حصے میں آیا تھا ۔ پانچ برس کی عمر میں جب اسے اسکول میں داخل کروایا گیا تو پہلے ہی دن  ایک لنگڑے استاد نے کسی وجہ کے بغیر اسے تین زور دار تھپڑ رسید کیے ۔ اب یہ علم نہیں تھا کہ یہ استاد کے تھپروں کا اثر تھا یا اس کی طبیعت کا من...

External and Internal Factors of Political-Religious Violence and Pakistan’s Role: Unravel Threats for the Security of Modern Islamic State

Political scientists and Islamic philosophers have long been discussing the different phenomena of violence. This article analyzes external and internal factor of violence in Pakistan, interpreting the religious and political dimension of the violence. The presence of external and more specifically internal factors are the real threats for the security of the country. Building from theoretical approaches, I fielded two dimensions of the political-religious violence, violence inside the country and outside the country. It is found out, on the one hand, that the both dimensions can be met with the profound enforcement of the law. On the other hand, both dimensions of the violence can be the big contributory factors of violence due to the poor promulgation of the law. Unjust political-religious dispensation inside the country rise the frustration, and outside support make it fertile and leads it towards violence. It is proposed that on equity bases, political-religious deprivation and absolute deprivation of the minority elite class can be disposed of. I also come up with balanced educational system, which should be the blend of traditionalism and modernism for the fulfilment of our spiritual dimension and for the greater understanding of our political-religious outlook.

Population Dynamics, Stability and Molecular Ecology of Rhizosphe Reassociated Ochrobactrum Species

The genus Ochrobactrum has been recently described as containing legume-symbiotic species that are able to induce nodules on Acacia, Lupinus and Cytisus. The present study was planned to characterize an Ochrobactrum isolate from chickpea nodule, to study the ultrastructure of nodules induced by Ochrobactrum, confirmation of nodule occupancy using immunogold labeling, to analyze the effect of its inoculation on chickpea growth and yield, study the colonization potential and occurrence in the rhizosphere of chickpea as well as other crops. A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore forming bacterial strain Ca-34 isolated from root nodules of chickpea was characterized and studied for its taxonomic affiliation using polyphasic approach. Almost full-length 16S rRNA sequence (1492bp) showed similarities with those of the genus Ochrobactrum. The presence of common fatty acids and G+C ratio also supported the genus affiliation. Based on MALDI-TOF analysis and 16S rRNA sequence similarity (98.6%) the strains showed maximum similarities with O. intermedium (LMG 3301 T ). Ca-34 T showed an insertion of 46bp in the Helix 184 of 16S rRNA that forms an additional stem-loop structure. To our knowledge, this is the first report of 46bp insertion in any of the plant associated or nodule endophyte. Both strains (Ca-34 and O. intermedium LMG 3301 T ) are phylogenetic neighbors but DNA-DNA similarity value of 64% confirms their genome dissimilarity. Ca-34 T showed no amplification with primers reported to be specific for O. intermedium (LMG 3301 T ) or recA primers reported to amplify more than 100 Ochrobactrum species showing that Ca-34 T is different from other reported strains of the genus. The differences were further confirmed by different fingerprints obtained from RAPD, ARDRA and TP-RAPD profiles. The strain Ca-34 T was metabolically different from individual other type strains of Ochrobactrum in many reactions and from all type strains in positive gelatin hydrolysis, especially in negative assimilation of alanine amide and L-threonine. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data we concluded that strain Ca-34 T (DSM 22292, CCUG 57879) represents the type strain of a novel species for which we proposed the name Ochrobactrum ciceri sp. nov. xvUltrastructure observation of the nodules induced by Ca-34 T was carried out to see the infection process of the strain in chickpea. The electron microscopic observation showed that Ca-34 T has typical Meso/Rhizobium-like infection process confirmed by the infection thread, symbiosome and absence of PBH granules which is a characteristic of indeterminate chickpea nodules. Nodule occupancy was confirmed using immunogold labeling and nodule PCR using primers designed against the additional 46bp insertion to specifically amplify the Ca-34 T . Until now, there was no literature available on the ultrastructure of nodules induced by any Ochrobactrum specie. This study is the first report of the Ochrobactrum infection and host- ultrastructure. The nodulation and subsequent yield enhancement are important factors that determine the ecological success of any bacteria inoculated to the plant. The strain Ca-34 T was studied for its ecological behavior in the rhizosphere of ten chickpea genotypes (four kabuli and 6 desi) in field alone and/or along-with the Rhizobium in two different soil conditions (fertile and marginal). AT 60DAS (day after sowing) genotype and inoculation response was significant (P<0.05) at both sites but genotype x inoculation was non-significant at site 1 while highly significant at site 2. The data obtained showed that although Ca-34 T -inoculation has non-significant effect on early plant growth (60 DAS) and flowering (120DAS) but highly significant effect on yield (180DAS). Due to the difference in the fertility status and indigenous bacterial population of both soils, site 1 generally produced low biomass (3570-5161 Kg/ha) and grain yield (1317-2158 Kg/ha) as compared to site 2 which produced high biomass (6363- 6929 Kg/ha) as well as grain yield (3478-4265 Kg/ha). When compared to respective un-inoculated controls, maximum grain yield was obtained in Ca-34 T inoculated plants and inoculation response was significantly higher in kabuli genotypes as compared to desi genotypes. Ca-34 T -inoculation resulted in >100% increase in nodulation, biomass and grain yield and ≈72% increase in harvest index. Across bacterial inoculation treatments, grain yield was positively correlated to all the growth and yield parameters (r=0.262 to 0.856) e.g., nodule number and weight, plant weight, biomass, plant height, root length etc. The inoculation effect was more pronounced in marginal soil (Site 1) where no legume was grown previously as compared to the xvifertile soil where legumes were routinely grown (Site 2). PCA analysis clearly showed a site-specific response of genotype x bacterial inoculation. Although, comprehensive studies are available on Meso/Rhizobium-host inoculation and interaction but this kind of ecological data is being reported for the first time in literature for Ochrobactrum. The most important issue of bacterial inoculants is the rhizosphere competitiveness and colonization potential. The inoculated Ca-34 T strain showed very good colonization potential in chickpea roots, rhizosphere and nodules as confirmed by immunoblotting and specific PCR. In inoculated chickpea rhizosphere, the population of Ca-34 T was almost 1.5% while in nodules it was found to be 0.82% of total culturable population. Although the strain had also been isolated from non- inoculated chickpea rhizosphere, roots and nodules, but its presence in the rhizosphere of other crops could not be confirmed suggesting that the Ochrobactrum ciceri is mainly associated with chickpea and can be used for its nodulation and yield improvement in marginal lands.