In wireless cognitive radio networks, natural antagonism arises among unlicensed users when nodes opportunistically compete for unused frequency bands and the operations are seriously hampered by acute scarcity of resources. The transmitted power, which is inherently pertinent to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, cog- nition methodology, and lack of central management, must be preserved for longer network lifetime. In the midst of this struggle to acquire desired frequency band, where the performance of the entire network is dependent upon the behavior and etiquette exhibited by individual nodes, it is pivotal to introduce an e ective cooper- ation mechanism in order to improve the vital network parameters. In this work, we employ the concepts of game theory to develop an e cient and sustainable coopera- tion mechanism for e cient cognition and improved spectrum utilization. Instead of focusing merely on the interference a user observes, cooperation is ensured by taking into consideration the amount of interference a user creates for other network users. With the introduction of unlicensed users in licensed bands, the operations and interests of licensed users need to be protected, hence the spectrum owners are given an advantage and control over the multiple access policy. We address the problems in spectrum access and channel selection equilibrium in a leader-follower setup. In contrast to the game formulations that lack e cient power and pricing schemes, we present a cooperative Stackelberg potential game for cognitive players. A dynamic cost function is articulated to induce awareness in players to mitigate the e ects of sel sh choices in spectrum access while at the same time steer the distributive network towards achieving Nash equilibrium. The proposed scheme is mutually bene cial for i ii all players and focuses on improving the network performance and power e ciency. We design the network potential function such that the nodes have performance based incentives to cooperate and achieve a Nash equilibrium solution for e cient channel acquisition and capacity. Simulation results show fast convergence in channel selection strategies and increase in capacity for the entire network. In order to avoid anarchy in this uncontrolled and sometimes hostile environment, it is important to inhibit the nodes in making potentially risky decisions that may eventually jeopardize the stability and performance of the entire network. We present a game theoretic approach to combat the e ects of uncontrolled and sel sh behav- ior exhibited by cognitive network nodes. A sustainable solution is proposed that employs nonlinear learning in conjunction with potential function to alleviate the im- plications of disruptive behavior that is usually demonstrated in the access of scarce spectrum resources. The regret information in decision making is exploited along with history statistics to minimize information exchange and achieve swift convergence of strategies. Moreover, incorporating learning allows the cognitive players to select the channels in a simultaneous fashion instead of waiting for their turns to change their channel choices. This considerably reduces the delay in achieving network stability.
غیر سیاسی اسلامی تحریکیں (تعارف اور تجزیہ) ڈاکٹر غلام حید ر مگھرانہ کی تحقیقی کتاب ہے جسے ڈاکٹر مگھرا نہ نے نہایت محنت، ذہانت اور جذبے سے مرتب کیا ہے۔ یوں تو ملت ِ اسلامیہ کی تاریخ کے تمام ادوار کا مطالعہ مسلمانوں کے لیے عام طور پر اور اسلامی علوم کے طلبہ کے لیے خاص طور پر اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ مگراہل علم کے لیے امت کا دور اول اور دور حاضر خصوصی اہمیت رکھتے ہیں۔ دورِ اول اس لیے کہ یہ امت کی تشکیل، تعمیر، عروج اورسطوت کا دور ہے۔ اس دور میں تشکیل و تعمیرامت کی رہنمائی کا سامان ہے۔
یہ عہد جناب رسالت مآب ﷺ اور آپ کے جانشین خلفاء راشدین کا عہد ہے۔ یہ عہد زمانے کے لحاظ سے ماضی کا حصہ ہے۔ مگر ہر دور کے مسلمانوں کے لیے ایسا ماضی جو حال سے جڑا ہوا اور مستقبل کی صورت گری کا ذریعہ۔ دور ِ حاضر میں ہم پھر تشکیل امت ا ور تعمیر ملت کے مرحلے سے دوچا ر ہیں۔ پھر سے تشکیل و تعمیر کا مرحلہ اس بات کو عیاں کر رہا ہے کہ امت پر تفرقہ اور تخریب کا دور بھی گزرا ہے اور اس کے اثرات اب بھی موجود ہیں، جن سے امت کو پاک کر کے تشکیل و تعمیر کے ر استے پر ڈالنا مقصود ہے۔ اس نیک مقصد کے لیے کوششیں ہر دور میں جاری رہیں۔ شاہ والی اﷲؒ کی شخصیت کو دور زوال اور دور عروج کے لیے آغاز کی شخصیت قرار دیا جا سکتاہے۔ سترویں صدی عیسوی کے اختتام تک ہمارا عروج رہا۔ اٹھارھویں صدی عیسوی کے آغاز میں زوال شروع ہوا۔ اس عہد میں شاہ ولی اﷲؒ نے علمی تحریک کے اسباب مہیا کیے۔
اسلام دین ہے۔ امت کے دور زوال میں دین اسلام کے ا...
Background of the Study: To compare the effects of cervical muscles strengthening with and without shoulder exercises on post- mastectomy patients with neck pain.
Methodology: It was a randomized clinical trial, conducted in physical therapy department of a clinical setting through Dynamometer. Sample size of 24 patients were taken. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. A written consent form was taken from patients meeting inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated. In one group, patients were treated with cervical Muscles strengthening with shoulder exercises. In other group, patients were treated with cervical Muscles strengthening alone. Treatment was given once a day for three weeks. Muscle strength was examined using dynamometer, Baseline data was taken before treatment on first day after inclusion in study and again on the last day after treatment. SPSS 25 was used to analyze the data.
Results: Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare individuals within the group which showed significant results in both groups, p-value 0.000 (i.e. <0.001) for neck strength. Between groups comparison was done using Mann-Whitney U Test and it showed no significant changes for cervical extensors (p- value;0.143) , cervical side bending (right) (p-value; 0.315) and cervical side bending (left) (p-value; 0.853) strength differences, but however cervical flexors strength showed statistically significant results as p-value was 0.003.
Conclusion: It was concluded that Cervical strengthening along with shoulder Rehabilitation can help improve the strength of cervical flexors. However, both the groups have equally resulted in improved cervical extensor, Side bending right and left strength.
Global environmental issues are increasing due to the rapid developments in science and technology. To address these environmental issues there is a need to create an awareness about environmental education among the masses. This can only be possible through teachers and teacher educators. My underlying assumption is that science teachers are teaching environmental concepts as scientific facts, without creating an awareness about environmental education. The ultimate purpose of this study was to explore the beliefs of a secondary science teacher about environmental education and how his stated beliefs matched with his classroom practices. The study was conducted in one of the co-operative schools of the Aga Khan University- Institute for Educational Development, in Karachi Pakistan. And the sample for this study included one secondary science teacher. The research design was qualitative, which included multimethods. The methods included semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, pre-post conferences, document analysis and the teacher's teaching/learning stories. The study employed different data collection tools such as interview guidelines, a classroom observation checklist, teaching/learning stories and pre-post conference guideline questions. The findings of the study suggest that the participant science teacher in this sample believed in teaching environmental education in a science classroom. He also believed that students should be given a free choice to be involved in environmental participatory activities such as environmental management projects in the real environment. However his enacted teacher centred classroom practice was contrary to his stated beliefs. The factors that prevented him from enacting his beliefs were identified as his content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and support from the administration. The study thus suggests professional development programmes and workshops for that employ reflective practices. Moreover, constructivist approaches should be designed to help teachers to enhance their content, pedagogical content knowledge about environmental education, and that should develop them professionally.