Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the White Gold, occupies a pivotal position in Pakistan’s economy as it is the major source of raw material for textile industry in the country. Currently, cotton crop is facing a number of restraints, resulting in low yield per ha. Some of the constraints include costly agricultural inputs (seed, fertilizers, pesticides etc), pest attack, lack of pest and disease resistant varieties, good quality seed, scarcity of irrigation water, improper cultivation method and unavailability of advanced technologies. The research was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to explore the response of cotton to tillage, irrigation and sowing methods. The aim of the experiment was to assess most suitable and economical tillage system and planting method for cotton crop, to attain efficient irrigation water utilization and saving without affecting crop yield or quality and to quantify the irrigation water for cotton crop required for different planting methods. Keeping in view, two different experiments were conducted for two consecutive years. First experiment comprised of two tillage systems i.e., conventional tillage (one time disc harrow + two cultivations + planking) and deep tillage (chiselling twice + one cultivation + planking) and three sowing methods viz; flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing. The second experiment comprised of two irrigation levels (50% field capacity and 75% field capacity) along with three different sowing methods (flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing). Replicated three times, both experiments were laid out in split plot design randomizing tillage systems in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots in experiment I while in experiment II irrigation levels were randomized in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots maintaining a net plot size of 6.0 m × 9.0 m. Bt cotton variety AA-703 was sown at 75 cm spaced rows using 20 kg seed rate ha-1. Data pertaining to growth and yield parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. In first experiment, higher root length was recorded at deep tillage than conventional tillage during both the years of the study. Deep tillage gave maximum leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) showing increase in seed cotton yield of 18.72% in 2010 and 11.14% in 2011. Bed sowing produced 8.8% higher yield than ridge sowing in 2010 and 4.12% higher during 2011 and 25.61 and 16.47% higher than flat sowing respectively. Deep tillage with bed sowing gave maximum net returns of Rs. 121556/- with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.81 in year 2010, while in 2011 it was Rs. 68627/- with BCR 1.45. In second experiment, application of irrigation at 75% field capacity (FC) significantly increased LAI, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and TDM over 50% FC in 2010 and similar trend was also observed in 2011. Water applied at 75% FC enhanced 38 % yield during 2010 and 30.49% in 2011 than 50% FC. Bed sowing produced 12.1% and 18.09% (in 2010) and 6.08 and 19% (in 2011) higher yield than ridge sowing and flat sowing, respectively. Irrigation level of 75% FC with bed sowing gave maximum net return of Rs. 82574/- with BCR of 1.54 in 2010, while Rs. 43336/- with BCR 1.28 in 2011.
دعوت اسلامی کے امیر مولانا محمد الیاس قادری ۲۶ رمضان المبارک ۱۳۶۹ھ بمطابق ۱۹۵۰ء کراچی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ کے والد ماجد حاجی عبدالرحمٰن ؒ (م: ۱۹۵۱ء )آپ کے ہوش سنبھالنے سے پہلے ہی اس دارفانی سے کوچ کرگئے تھے۔ جب پاکستان معرض و جود میں آیا اس وقت آپ کے والدین اپنے آبائی گاؤں ’’کتیانہ‘‘(جونا گڑھ) میں مقیم تھے۔ ہندؤں اور سکھوں نے مل جل کر مسلمانوں کو خوب لوٹا۔ ان نامساعد حالات میں مولانامحمد الیاس قادری کے والدین ہجرت کرکے پاکستان آگئے۔ ابتداً کچھ عرصہ حید ر آباد (سندھ) میں قیام کیا اور پھر کراچی منتقل ہوگئے۔ آ پ کے والد نے ایک فرم میں ملازمت اختیار کرلی۔ اس فرم کی ایک شاخ ’’سیلون ‘‘ کے دارالخلافہ ’’کولمبو‘‘ میں بھی تھی لہذا ان کا تبادلہ ’’کولمبو ‘‘ کردیا گیا۔ مولانا محمد الیاس ابھی شیر خوار ہی تھے کہ آپ کے والد حج کرنے کے لیے گئے اور وہیں پر ۱۴
ذوالحجۃ الحرام ۱۳۷۰ ھ /۱۹۵۱ء میں انتقال ہوگیا۔ مولانا محمدالیاس قادری کے بڑے بھائی محترم عبدالغنی صاحب نے جوانی تک آپ کا ساتھ دیا۔ پھر وہ ایک ٹرین کے حادثہ میں انتقال کرگئے۔ اپنے بھائی کی وفات کے تھوڑے ہی عرصہ کے بعد والدہ نے بھی دم توڑ دیا۔ ان حالات میں مولانا محمدالیاس قادری نے سنتوں کے احیا ء اور بگڑے ہوئے معاشرے کی اصلاح کا بیڑا اٹھایا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ نے آپ کو عشق رسول ﷺ کے ساتھ ساتھ اخلاق حسنہ کی نعمت سے بھی مالا مال کیا ہے۔ آپ چھوٹے بڑے سبھی سے نہایت خندہ پیشانی سے ملتے ہیں ایسے ایسے معاملات جہاں اکثر لوگ غصے سے بے قابو ہوجاتے ہیں وہاں آپ مسکراتے رہتے ہیں۔ وقتاً فوقتاًمبلغین کو بھی یہ نصیحت فرماتے رہتے ہیں کہ اگر تمہیں دین کا کام...
The most beautiful pictures in coordination of Chapters in the Holy Qur’ān. In this research I talk about the coordination in Holy Qur’ān Chapters, so as to each Chapters contains a specific purpose that its Qur’ān ic verses want to achieve it, and we don’t see any difference or inconsistency. In order to achieve this purpose. I make an analytic study for one chapter in holy Qur’ān.I gathered the declarations of the explainers of, after that I give all my effort to show the coordination between them.
The A3SnO and A3PbO (A: Ca, Sr and Ba) inverse perovskite oxides have gained immense research attention as they exhibit physical properties suitable for thermoelectric, superconducting and magnetic devices. The emergence of stoichiometry dependent stable ferromagnetism in these inverse perovskites has recently made these materials potential candidates for utilization in spintronic and quantum computing devices. In the present work, DFT based first principles total energy calculations have been employed using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method to explore the electronic, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of pristine and intrinsic vacancy defect containing A3SnO and A3PbO (A: Ca, Sr and Ba) compounds. The electronic structures of these compounds are computed with the inclusion of spin orbit coupling interactions which plays an important role in topological nature of these compounds. Furthermore, the spin-polarization calculations have been carried out to investigate the impact of vacancy defects on magnetic and electronic properties of these inverse perovskites. The thermodynamic stability analysis indicated that these materials can be synthesized under Ca/Sr/Ba rich and Sn/Pb intermediate-rich conditions. Moreover, the defect formation energies revealed that Ca/Ba/Sr vacancies are the most stable form of vacancy defect under oxidation (O-rich) conditions, while O and Sn/Pb vacancies are found to have stableunder reduction (O-poor) and Sn/Pb-poor conditions, respectively. Our calculations reveal that charge neutral Sn or O vacancies can give rise to stable ferromagnetism in non-stoichiometric A3SnO and A3PbO (A: Ca, Sr and Ba) compounds.