اردو ناول میں پسماندگی کے مظاہر
ایک مکمل کہانی جو تمام اجزائے ترکیبی کے ساتھ بیان کی جاتی ہے ناول کہلاتی ہے۔یہ وہ صنف سخن ہے جس میں جذبات،خیالات،واقعات اور ثقافت کو حصہ بنایاجاسکتا ہے۔ناول معاشرے میں نسل در نسل چلنے والی کہانیوں کا عکاس ہے کیونکہ یہ ایک طویل کہانی ہوتا ہے اس لیے معاشرے کی مکمل ترجمانی کرتا ہے۔
ادبی اصطلاح میں دیکھا جائے تو ناول سے مراد ایک ایسی کہانی ہے جس میں پوری زندگی بیان کی جاتی ہے۔ناول ادب کی ایک صنف ہے لغت میں ناول کے معنیٰ’’نادر‘‘نئی بات یانئی چیز کے ہیں۔یہ اطالوی زبان کے لفظ’’ناولا‘‘سے نکلا ہے ناول کے ،معنی بھی’’نیا ‘‘کے ہیں۔
معاشی ،مذہبی،سیاسی،سماجی،نفسیاتی چاہے زندگی کا کوئی بھی موڑ ہو ناول میں ہر پہلو کو کھل کر بیان کیا جاسکتا ہے۔قدیم زمانے میں داستان کا عروج تھا اور زمانے کی ترقی کے ساتھ ساتھ عصر جدید میں ادب کی نئی صورتیں سامنے آئیں۔ناول داستان کی ہی ترقی یافتہ شکل ہے۔
دوسرے اصناف ادب کی نسبت اردو ناول کی عمر کم ہے۔مگر ناول نے اپنا راستہ طے کرتے ہوئے منزل کو پالیا۔طویل داستان جس کے لیے نشستیں درکار ہوتی ہیں اس میں تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد مختصر کیا گیا اور ناول کا نام دیا گیا۔اردو ناول عروج وزوال کی منزلیں طے کرتا ہوا عصر حاضر میں جدید ناول کی طرف گامزن ہے۔
ناول دراصل عصر حاضر میں اس زمانے اور معاشرے کی سچی تصویر پیش کر رہا ہے بہر کیف ناول کے تمام عناصر کو نہایت ہی خوبصورتی اور ہم آہنگی ،تخلیقی و فنی دلکشی ، توازن اور فن کارانہ سلیقہ مندی کے ساتھ منظر عام پر لے آنا ہی ناول نگارکے لیے کامیابی کی دلیل ہے...
The present study explores students’ perception regarding internet usage and its impact on their academic performance at elementary level in district Peshawar, KP. The study was quantitative in nature. The population includes both (male and female) elementary schools of district Peshawar, KP. Purposive sampling technique was used. The data was collected from (141) students through close-ended questionnaire based on five point Likert’s scale. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed by using MS word, SPSS software and Chi-square. The major conclusions show that both male and female students were having same views about using internet and agree that using internet makes their study more convenient, useful and improve their learning skills. It helps in improving their grades. The study concludes that while using internet, the students are also facing some problems such as shortage of power, affects eyesight and critical thinking and pain in shoulders etc. Some recommendations made by the study were that proper training and guidance may be provided to students for using internet.
The coastal belt of Pakistan is about 1,050 km long, divided in to two regions Northwestern region (Balochistan and Makran coast, have 800 km long coastline which extending from Hub River to north west of Karachi with a narrow continental shelf), Southern region (Sindh coast having 250 km long). In the present study two members of family Lutjanidae .i.e. Lutjanus lutjanus and Lutjnaus johnii were collected on monthly basis in respect of their biology, age and growth, population dynamics parameters and distribution along Sindh coast during three years (2005-2007) from main fish markets and boat collections by trawl and gill net from creek system. Collections brought to laboratory at University of Karachi on monthly basis, samples were identified, length (TL in cm), weight (in gm), scales, otolith and gonads of each specimen were examined and data was recorded. About 30 samples of gonads were selected after visual observation, maturity of gonads and values of Gonad somatic index (GSI) were studied which shows spawning season of both species, the relationship between fecundity and somatic weight (gm) and length (TL cm) were studied that’s seems to be the large fish produced maximum eggs in compression of small one. Length –weight relationship of both species shows strong correlations, for the determination of age the growth ring were observed from otolith section which is more reliable in compression to whole otolith and fish scale. The opaque zones from sectioned were studied through marginal increment analysis, shows on opaque zone delineated per year in both species and the rings found on scales were also studied, the results shows the maximum age 11 years of Lutjanus lutjanus at 27.5 cm (TL) and Lutjanus johnii 22 years with 75.5 cm (TL). Length at age data best fitted to Von Bertallanfy Growth Function (VBGF) to obtained the curve, shows the both species are slow growing in large size. Relationship between fish length (TL in cm), fish weight (in gm), fish length (TL in cm) vs otolith radius (mm), fish length (cm) vs otolith weigh (mg) were determined through regression analysis. The length frequency data was used as put in FiSAT II (version 1.2.2), FAO stock assessment tool software for determination of population dynamics parameters .i.e. Asymptotic length (L∞), growth constant (K), mortality (total mortality, fishing mortality and natural mortality), recruitment pattern, virtual population analysis (VPA), probabilities of capture, yield per recruit Y/R and B/R and growth performance indices. The results showed that the exploitation rate of small size fishes were fished by gill net fishing and mortality estimation showed that the both species have not been over harvested in coastal area of Pakistan, high recruitment pattern found in primary growth season, both species are not exploited above the maximum sustainable yield. The results shows that both species are lived in similar habitat and widely distributed along the coastal belt of Sindh, Lutjanus lutjanus are offshore coral reefs and trawling grounds frequently encountered in large schools with other Lutjanus species and trawled to depth of almost 100 m, feed on fishes and crustaceans Lutjanus johnii are frequently found in coral reef while adult and juveniles found in mangrove estuaries, feed upon fishes and benthic invertebrates including shrimps, crabs and cephalopod.