The re-introduced liquid/semisolid matrix technology, in recent past encompasses filling of hard gelatin capsules for thixotropic system at ambient and thermosoftened system at elevated temperature. Formulations in both of the above systems may contain dissolved or dispersed drugs. In the present work thixotropic gels were prepared using a series of hydrophilic poloxamers (Pluronic/Synperonic L31, L43, L62, L64, L92) of different viscosities and composition of polyoxyethhylene and polyoxypropylenein co-polymers thickened with hydrophilic silicon dioxide (Aerosil®A200) to form gel structure. Model drugs of varying solubilities, isoniazid, metronidazole, paracetamol and mefenamic acid were dispersed in gels of above poloxamers. The gel formulations were filled into hard gelatin capsules via syringe. The rheological characteristics, dispersion stability, and FTIR of the gels with and without drugs were investigated. The gels with drugs were additionally characterized for their release pattern. In preliminary studies, twenty separate gels of poloxamers L31, L64 were thickened with concentrations 1 to 10% w/w of Aerosil® A200 to incorporate isoniazid (unsifted, 10% w/w). Different concentration of Aerosil® A200 affected dispersion stability as well as release of the drug incorporated into gels. All gels were thixotropic and shear thinning. A little change in apparent viscosity on storage upto 30 days was noted. Disperse phase sedimentation was not observed with more viscous poloxamer and with higher concentration of silicon dioxide. Higher concentration of Aerosil® A200 resulted into stronger gel structure between silicon dioxide and poloxamers and thereby, hindered release of drug from a gel. Rheograms of poloxamers, L31 and L64 confirmed their Newtonian behaviour, in contrast to the thixotropic behaviour of all gels made with Aerosil® A200 concentrations (1-10% w/w) and 10% w/w isoniazid. Therefore, ii in-vitro release of highly water soluble drug, isoniazid could be controlled by poloxamer/A200 thixotropic gel system which depended upon concentration of Aerosil® A200, viscosity of poloxamer and the aqueous solubility of drug. In the further work, the effect of selected concentration of Aerosil® A200 (8% w/w) and five liquid poloxamers of different viscosities on release of drugs with characterized particle size (180-250 μm) and of different from semi solid matrix/ thixotropic gel filled into hard gelatin capsules was tested by in-vitro dissolution test. The drugs with different solublities used in this study were isoniazid, metronidazole, paracetamol and mefenamic acid. The interaction of drug in gel formulations was also determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The release of drugs from different formulations was related to their aqueous solubility, viscosity of poloxamers, and poloxamer’s polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene proportions. In most of the formulations drug remains dispersed over a period of one month depending upon the viscosity of gels. Most of the gels showed little change in apparent viscosity on storage. The apparent viscosity for each gel was found to be dependent on the viscosity of poloxamers from which the gel was prepared. Like in preliminary work, rheograms of five pure poloxamers showed Newtonian behaviour whereas each gel exhibited thixotropic and shear thinning. In-vitro dissolution data of drugs from their respective stable gels followed first order kinetics. No chemical interaction or incompatibilities between drugs and polymers were noted by FTIR. Long term stability studies at International conference on harmonization (ICH) recommended conditions of temperature/relative humidity (30°C/65% RH) over one year revealed that almost all the gels retained their rheological, dispersion stability, release profile and chemical integrity. Thus, the hydrophilic semisolid matrix (gels) made by mixing poloxamer and Aerosil® (A200) was suitable for filling into hard gelatin capsules because of their rheological characteristics. The release of drugs with different solubilities could be modified by using iii poloxamers of different viscosity. Overall present research study demonstrates the effect of silicon dioxide on the microstructure of the gel prepared with various poloxamers which is evident from the rheological studies, FTIR and release pattern of the drugs.
مولانا محفوظ الرحمن نامی افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں مولانا محفوظ الرحمن صاحب نامی بھی وفات پاگئے۔مرحوم دیوبند کے تعلیم یا فتہ اور علماً وعملاً اس کی روایات کے حامل تھے۔ آزادی کے بعد اتر پردیش میں پارلیمنٹری سکریٹری بھی ہوگئے تھے اور اسی زمانہ میں راقم الحروف کواُن کے ساتھ قیام کرنے اور ان کی فیاضانہ مہربانی سے لطف اندوز ہونے کا متعددبار موقع ملاتھا۔مگریہ جامۂ تنگ ان کے قامت آزاد پر راس نہیں آیا۔اس لیے جلدہی استعفاء دے دامن جھاڑ کر کھڑے ہوگئے اوراب انھوں نے اپنی زندگی مسلمان بچّوں اور بچّیوں کوقرآن مجید کی تعلیم کے ساتھ ساتھ عربی زبان کی تعلیم کے لیے وقف کردی جومرحوم کے نزدیک ملک کے موجودہ حالات میں مسلمانوں کودین پرقائم رکھنے کے لیے بہت ضروری تھی۔چنانچہ اس سلسلہ میں ایک نئے طرز پرانھوں نے متعدد رسالے اور کتابیں لکھیں اوراُن کی اشاعت اورتبلیغ کے لیے دوردراز کے سفر کیے۔ کام ہمت اور طاقت سے بہت زیادہ تھا اس لیے اچانک فالج کاحملہ ہوا اور اس میں ایسے مبتلاہوئے کہ ایک مرتبہ جوپڑے توپھر اٹھنا نصیب نہیں ہوا ۔آخر پانچ چھ برس کی مسلسل معذوری اور بے بسی کے بعد گذشتہ ماہ داعی اجل کو لبیک کہہ گئے ۔رحمہ اﷲ رحمۃً واسعۃً۔ [دسمبر ۱۹۶۳ء]
It is an admitted fact that Islam is “Universal Din” and a complete code of life. Its universality and conciseness is proved from Quran itself. Quran identifies the universality and surmounts it upon all over other Ady┐n and says, “And He sends his messenger along with righteousness and fait Din-e- ╓aq, so that surpass it upon other Dins, though it will be unpleasant for the polytheists”. The Holy verses shows and argues that Dine- Islam is a superior to all other Dins, it may be through love, arguments, conclusiveness or through state and governed on its completion Quran says, “Today I completed your “Din” for you along with all the blessings and liked Islam as a Din for you”. In a nutshell, the above two mentioned the Holy verses indicate clearly the universality and comprehensiveness, because the “Din” which will be superior and must be universal and precise. Islam is the only religion which is beneficial for all mankind in each and every aspect. Its universality is declared that it is a surety for mankind prosperity. Allah says in His Holy Book, “The Holy Quran” that do justice as it is more nearer to piousness. Allah has described “Justice twenty six times His Holy Book and it is also among one of His qualities. All these show the importance of justice.
Poverty means different things to different people. There are many different approaches to defining poverty but the basic needs approach is commonly applied, particularly in developing countries where a bigger majority of the people struggle to attain a predetermined minimum level of income to satisfy their basic needs. The research study on “An assessment of magnitude and correlates of Poverty in Jhang District” was carried out with the objective to document the status and trend analysis of poverty situation in all four sub-districts of Jhang District, Punjab. It is an attempt at estimating the incidence, intensity and severity of poverty and identified the determinants of poverty as well the poverty coping strategies among the households in Jhang district. (A medium size city of Punjab Province, Pakistan.). The analysis of the study carried out on the basis of primary data and all data have been collected through a specifically designed questionnaire with a sample of 1000 households in its background in the selected villages of all four sub districts (Tehsil) of Jhang District, Punjab. This study has used bivariate and Multivariate analysis (income regression model and logistic model) to determine how various indicators of the poverty such as socioeconomic, demographic and social characteristics of households affect the poverty incidence in Jhang District. According to the survey conducted in 2016-17, 54% are below the Poverty Line in Jhang District. Depth and severity of poverty are 36% and 13% respectively. It is also noted that 16% of people are extremely poor whose income is Rs. 1515. The people of the area are found poorer compared to that of 33% in Punjab Province and 36% in Pakistan and 31% in the world. Education is the most significant factor that distinguishes the poor from the non-poor. Results of the logistic regression suggest that an increase in the landholding, livestock and total assets of the household have considerably decreasing the probability of being poor in the Jhang district. In the income regression analysis that size of household is the prime determinant of the per capita income of the household as a 1 % positive increase in the size of the household would decrease more than 1% per capita income of the household. It implies that the size of the household can add well to the level of poverty incidence in the Jhang district, Punjab. The results of logistic model shows that age of the households head, household size, household head is illiterate, household head is farmer, household head is daily wager or labor, residence in kacha(made of mud) house was positively and significantly correlated with the probability being poor while households satisfaction with education facilities and household have members in abroad for income purpose are negatively and significantly correlated with the probability of being poor.The results of the logistic regression suggest that an increase in the landholding, livestock and total assets of the household have considerably decreased the probability of being poor in the Jhang district. Moreover, the results show that an increase in the earners per household significantly reduce the probability of being poor in the Jhang district. Education plays an important role in the reduction of poverty and improving the socio-economic status of households. The results signify that educational attainment is significantly related to the likelihood of being poor in the Jhang district, Punjab.The ownership of the agriculture land and livestock is considered good for the reduction of the rural poverty in Pakistan. The estimated results of the logistic regression revealed that the coefficients of the landholding and livestock are negative and statistically significant in all four models. This indicates that an increase in the landholding and livestock of the households will reduce the probability of being poor in the Jhang district. The ownership of farming land and livestock have a significant impact on the reducing the probability that a household is poor. Similarly, the total assets of the households have also a negative and significant effect on the probability of being poor as the estimated coefficients of the total assets in all three models are negative and highly significant.Finally the dissertations conclude that it is important to examine these issues and address them on a long-term sustainable basis for all households at macro and micro level. Private individuals, industrialists, philanthropists, landlords, businessmen, and farmers all stakeholders collectively have to play a positive role in this regard. The primary and secondary data used in this study would help policymakers to design result-oriented programmes that would address poverty (Its magnitude and Correlates) in the study area.