The re-introduced liquid/semisolid matrix technology, in recent past encompasses filling of hard gelatin capsules for thixotropic system at ambient and thermosoftened system at elevated temperature. Formulations in both of the above systems may contain dissolved or dispersed drugs. In the present work thixotropic gels were prepared using a series of hydrophilic poloxamers (Pluronic/Synperonic L31, L43, L62, L64, L92) of different viscosities and composition of polyoxyethhylene and polyoxypropylenein co-polymers thickened with hydrophilic silicon dioxide (Aerosil®A200) to form gel structure. Model drugs of varying solubilities, isoniazid, metronidazole, paracetamol and mefenamic acid were dispersed in gels of above poloxamers. The gel formulations were filled into hard gelatin capsules via syringe. The rheological characteristics, dispersion stability, and FTIR of the gels with and without drugs were investigated. The gels with drugs were additionally characterized for their release pattern. In preliminary studies, twenty separate gels of poloxamers L31, L64 were thickened with concentrations 1 to 10% w/w of Aerosil® A200 to incorporate isoniazid (unsifted, 10% w/w). Different concentration of Aerosil® A200 affected dispersion stability as well as release of the drug incorporated into gels. All gels were thixotropic and shear thinning. A little change in apparent viscosity on storage upto 30 days was noted. Disperse phase sedimentation was not observed with more viscous poloxamer and with higher concentration of silicon dioxide. Higher concentration of Aerosil® A200 resulted into stronger gel structure between silicon dioxide and poloxamers and thereby, hindered release of drug from a gel. Rheograms of poloxamers, L31 and L64 confirmed their Newtonian behaviour, in contrast to the thixotropic behaviour of all gels made with Aerosil® A200 concentrations (1-10% w/w) and 10% w/w isoniazid. Therefore, ii in-vitro release of highly water soluble drug, isoniazid could be controlled by poloxamer/A200 thixotropic gel system which depended upon concentration of Aerosil® A200, viscosity of poloxamer and the aqueous solubility of drug. In the further work, the effect of selected concentration of Aerosil® A200 (8% w/w) and five liquid poloxamers of different viscosities on release of drugs with characterized particle size (180-250 μm) and of different from semi solid matrix/ thixotropic gel filled into hard gelatin capsules was tested by in-vitro dissolution test. The drugs with different solublities used in this study were isoniazid, metronidazole, paracetamol and mefenamic acid. The interaction of drug in gel formulations was also determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The release of drugs from different formulations was related to their aqueous solubility, viscosity of poloxamers, and poloxamer’s polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene proportions. In most of the formulations drug remains dispersed over a period of one month depending upon the viscosity of gels. Most of the gels showed little change in apparent viscosity on storage. The apparent viscosity for each gel was found to be dependent on the viscosity of poloxamers from which the gel was prepared. Like in preliminary work, rheograms of five pure poloxamers showed Newtonian behaviour whereas each gel exhibited thixotropic and shear thinning. In-vitro dissolution data of drugs from their respective stable gels followed first order kinetics. No chemical interaction or incompatibilities between drugs and polymers were noted by FTIR. Long term stability studies at International conference on harmonization (ICH) recommended conditions of temperature/relative humidity (30°C/65% RH) over one year revealed that almost all the gels retained their rheological, dispersion stability, release profile and chemical integrity. Thus, the hydrophilic semisolid matrix (gels) made by mixing poloxamer and Aerosil® (A200) was suitable for filling into hard gelatin capsules because of their rheological characteristics. The release of drugs with different solubilities could be modified by using poloxamers of different viscosity. Overall present research study demonstrates the effect of silicon dioxide on the microstructure of the gel prepared with various poloxamers which is evident from the rheological studies, FTIR and release pattern of the drugs
Diabetes is associated with number of vascular and nonvascular complications, and the vascular complications which include Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke, retinopathy, neuropathy, and Diabetic Kidney Diseases (DKD are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality attributable to diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of onset of any renal disease with diabetes in Pakistani population. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Medicine and Nephrology Departments of the Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 3 months, after obtaining the ethical approval from the The University of Lahore. A total number of 100 Diabetic patients were selected through non probability convenient sampling technique. Patients of both sexes and all age groups were included. Results: In this study 60% were male and 40% were female. Most of the patients belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Frequency of onset of diabetes with age showed that patients between age of 41-50 years (33%) were more susceptible to diabetes and its complications whereas onset of diabetes was relatively higher in males as compared to females. Frequency distribution of CVD among diabetic patients was 19%. Conclusions: Results of current findings showed that diabetes mellitus also leads toward further microvascular complications and co-exist with different diseases.
Corporate sector plays a pivotal role in the growth and economic development of the country. The objective of the present study is to assess the financial decision practices in the service sector of Pakistan. The study investigates the relationship and importance of financial decision determinants (uncertainty, CSR, and stakeholder interest) and financial performance in the presence of mediating role of capital budgeting, capital structure, and dividend policy. The target respondents of the present study were Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of the service sector industries (Telecommunication, Banking, and Insurance) of Pakistan. The sample was limited to listed companies at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). The total population of the study was eighty four and all the respondents were approached for data collection. A questionnaire was used for data collection having 5- point Likert scale. Pilot testing was conducted in order to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. Refined questionnaire was distributed among companies operating in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta. This study employed Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability, descriptive statistics, and a Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results reveal that the decision makers are well aware and agreed to the importance of applications of financial decisions and its determinants in the service sector of Pakistan. However, there are few areas where respondents do not agree or do not consider important, like pattern of past dividends, concern over maintaining share price and dividend cuts. The study concludes that the availability of financial resources and attitude of senior management are the major constrains for the capital investment. The study provides sufficient evidences that capital budgeting, capital structure and dividend policy are key mediators among determinants of financial decision practices and organizational financial performance. Resource availability is an important constraint to capital investment; this should be removed through private public partnership, foreign direct investment and by reducing interest rates. It is recommended that companies may take initiatives in corporate social responsibility activities and may screen out uncertain situations while making financial iii decisions. Service sector companies are also recommended to enhance the interest of stakeholders by providing them consistent dividend and establishing the suitable platform for the understanding the financial decisions. Keywords: Uncertainty, Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Interest, Capital Budgeting, Capital Structure, Dividend Policy, Organizational Financial Performance