Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are being widely utilized in agriculture due to their biopesticide and biofertilizer potential. The indigenous PGPR inhabiting certain hosts can act as potent bioinoculants due to their native habitat and acclimatization to the environment. In current study, rhizobacterial mediated suppression of blast disease was investigated. Four hundred and fifty indigenous isolates were obtained from rice rhizosphere to assess their antagonism towards rice blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae. Only 100 isolates showed antagonistic activity. Twenty out of 100 isolates inhibited the mycelium growth of P. oryzae by 30–65% in vitro. Five strains, KFP-5, KFP-7, KFP-12, KFP- 17 and KFP-18, showing 63–65% antagonism towards P. oryzae, were tested for the production of biocontrol determinants and suppression of blast disease in rice plants. The antagonistic strains produced various biocontrol determinants such as the hydrolytic enzymes, protease, glucanase and cellulase with solubilization zone diameters of 10–19, 4.2–14.5 and 2–13.5 mm respectively and siderophores with zone diameter of 7–12 mm. The antagonistic strains also solubilized potassium, phosphorus and zinc from inorganic sources with solubilization zones of 2.1–3.2, 2.3–3.6 and 1.7-2.9 mm respectively. Three antagonistic strains, KFP-5, KFP-7 and KFP-17 significantly suppressed blast disease with a disease score 1.1–1.9 and increased yield of rice grown in pot. The antagonistic strains, KFP-5, KFP-7 and KFP-17 significantly induced the antioxidant enzymes against P. oryzae infection in rice and secrete biocontrol determinants in rhizosphere. They induced the activity of superoxide dismutase (1.7-1.9 fold), peroxidase (3.5-4.1 fold), polyphenol oxidase (3.0-3.8 fold), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (3.9-4.4 fold), in rice leaves and roots under hydroponic and soil conditions. The antagonistic strains also secreted multiple biocontrol determinants like protease (1.1-5.5 U/mg of soil or U/mL of hydroponic solution), glucanase, (1.0-1.3 U/mg of soil or U/mL of xii hydroponic solution), siderophores (6.5-42.8 µg/mL or mg) in the rhizosphere of different rice varieties. These antagonistic strains also exhibited bio efficacy under field conditions. They significantly reduced disease severity by 40-52% with grain yield of 3.2-3.9 ton ha-1 in rice. The bioantagonists significantly colonized the rice rhizosphere with a cell population of 2.40E+06-5.6E+07 CFU/g of soil. Rice plants treated with antagonistic bacterial suspension followed by challenge inoculation with P. oryzae were found to have higher enzymatic activities like superoxide dismutase (308-266 Ug-1 FW), peroxidase (change in absorbance (∆A) = 0.20-0.71 min-1 g-1FW), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (∆A = 0.32-0.59 min-1 g-1 FW) and polyphenol oxidase (∆A = 0.29-0.58 min-1 g-1 FW). A consistent performance of the strains was observed during consecutive two years. The potent antagonistic strains were identified as Bacillus spp. strains KFP-5 (Gene bank Accession No KT380825), Bacillus spp. KFP-7 (Gene bank Accession No KT380826) and Bacillus spp. KFP-17 (Gene bank Accession No KJ719446) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These findings suggest that indigenous Bacillus spp. could be a potential bioinoculum for rice to control blast diseases and enhance yield.
3۔قتل خطاء ایسا فعل کیا جس سے وہ کسی کو قتل کرنے کا قطعاً ارادہ نہیں رکھتا تھا مگر اتفاق سے اس فعل کی وجہ سے کوئی شخص قتل ہو گیا، مثلاً کسی شکار پر تیرچلایا یا فائر کیا یا کسی نشانہ پر مارا مگر وہ شکار پر یا نشانہ پر لگنے کی بجائے کسی اورانسان کے جا لگا اور اس سے وہ شخص مر گیا تو یہ قتل خطاء ہو گا ۔اس میں قصاص واجب نہیں ہو گا ۔قاتل کی مدد گار برادری پر دیت لازم ہوگی اور قاتل کے مال میں سے کفارہ دینا واجب ہوگا۔
The modern scientific concepts were clearly envisioned in the Qur'an date back to 7th century, when observational facilities were not available, mathematical principles were not discovered, primary principles (quarks) and fundamental forces i.e. Gravitational and electromagnetic were not identified. The word earth (أرْضَARD) appears 409 times in Quran. The number of verses in which the Earth is mentioned first is quite small, e.g. Sura 2, verse 29 and sura 20, verse 4, where a reference is made to "Him Who created the earth and the high heavens". On the other hand the numbers of verses where the Heavens are mentioned before the Earth are much larger e.g. Sura-l-araf (7), Verse 54; SuraYunus (10), verse 3; SuraQaf (50), verse 38; Sura l-Hadid (79), verses 27 to 33 etc. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. Sura l-Baqarah, verse (67)[i] states: قَالَ أعُوْذُ بِاللهِ اأنْ أَکُوْنَ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِيْن He said, "I seek refuge in Allah from being among the ignorant."The Qur'an does not render a coordinated description of the Earth Creation. In lieu of a continuous story of creation, there are verses dispersed all over the Quran which deal with certain aspects of the Earth Creation. These scattered verses provide information on the sequential events marking its development with varying degrees of detail. The Quran referred toward at least five points which shed light on the creation of heaven and earth. And these points are entirely confirmed by scientific facts.
This dissertation presents a systematic study on five series of spinel ferrites. Three series of spinel ferrites, namely, NiY-ferrites (NiY2xFe2-2xO4, x = 0.0 – 0.12, step: 0.02), MgY-ferrites (MgY2xFe2-2xO4, x = 0.0 – 0.12, step: 0.02) and NiZnY-ferrites (Ni0.6Zn0.4Y2xFe2-2xO4, x = 0.0 - 0.1, step: 0.02) were fabricated in a polycrystalline form by double sintering ceramic method. Two series of CoZnY-ferrites (Co1-xZnxY0.15Fe1.85O4, x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) and CoY- ferrites (CoFe2O4 + x Y2O3, x = 0 wt %, 1 wt %, 3 wt %, 5 wt %) were fabricated by co- precipitation method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometery (VSM) and Impedance spectroscopy and Ferromagnetic Resonance. Phase analysis of NiY-, MgY- and NiZnY-ferrites from XRD patterns has shown cubic spinel single phase along with few traces of second phase identified as orthorhombic phase. This phase becomes more conspicuous for higher concentration of yttrium. The lattice constant as a function of yttrium contents changes non-linearly. The behavior of the lattice parameter was explained on the basis of differences in ionic radii of the constituent ions. Analysis of the XRD patterns of the CoZnY-ferrites confirms the formation of cubic spinel phase along with second phase of YFeO3. The lattice seems to expand to accommodate the increased number of Zn2+ ions of relatively larger ionic radii. The phase analysis of the XRD patterns of CoY-ferrites shows that all the samples are dual phase except the sample with x = 0 wt %. The lattice constant was found to decrease with yttrium contents. The lattice seems to compress by the presence of second phase due to difference in thermal expansion coefficients. X-ray density and physical density was found to increase whereas porosity was found to decrease with the increase of yttrium contents. The morphology of the samples shows non-homogeneous distribution of grains in all the samples except CoZnY-ferrites. The near uniform distribution of grain size was observed in CoZnY ferrites. FTIR spectra of NiY-, MgY- and NiZnY-ferrites observed at room temperature in the wave number range 370 – 1100 cm-1 exhibit splitting of the two fundamental absorption bands, thereby confirming the solid state reaction. FMR spectra of NiY- and MgY-ferrites were measured at room temperature at X-band (9.5 GHz). The nominal compositions MgY0.04Fe1.96O4 and NiY0.12Fe1.88O4 have small linewidth, ΔH = 269 Oe and 282 Oe respectively. Hence these ferrites have potential for high frequency applications. A systematic study of variations in resistivity with different concentration of yttrium has been carried out to optimize the resistivity. The room temperature resistivity shows an increasing trend in all series whereas it was decreased in case of Co-Zn-Y ferrites. The addition of Y3+ ions in place of Fe3+ ions reduce the degree of conduction by blocking Verwey’s hopping mechanism resulting in an increase of resistivity. The temperature dependent dc resistivity was found to decrease linearly with rise in temperature. The observed decrease in dc resistivity with temperature is normal behavior for semiconductors which follows the Arrhenius relation. It was observed that the samples having higher values of resistivity also possessed higher activation energy. The saturation magnetization was observed to decrease with yttrium contents which are due to redistribution of cations on the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The coercivity was observed to increase with yttrium contents. The smaller grains may obstruct the domain wall movement. As a result, the values of initial permeability ( μ i′ ) decreased from 110 to 35, 27 to 6 and 185 to 87 at 1 MHz in NiY-, MgY- and NiZnY- ferrites respectively. The values of magnetic loss tangent decreased from 0.23 to 0.03, 0.04 to 0.007, 1.2 to 0.41 in NiY-, MgY- and NiZnY-ferrites respectively. This may be attributed to the increase in resistivity that reduces the eddy current loss. The frequency dependent behaviors of dielectric constant follow the Maxwell–Wagner’s interfacial polarization in accordance with Koops phenomenological theory. The introduction of yttrium ions decreases the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ). The results obtained are of great interest for the development of modified spinel ferrites for various industrial applications.