Phosphorus (P) is one of the indispensable element for plants to regulate key biochemical processes like photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division and cell enlargement. Although, sufficient amount of P is present in agricultural soils but generally it is unavailable for plant growth and development due to fixation and immobilization. Potato is used as a staple food in most part of the world and popular in Pakistan as well. Microorganisms with P-solubilizing ability have substantial ability to provide P, required for healthy plant growth. Present study was carried out to isolate P-solubilizing rhizobacteria from major potato growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan with the hypothesis that the P-solubilizing rhizobacteria would improve growth and yield of potato on inoculation. Out of 116 isolates, 31 were characterized as P-solubilizers with varying ability of tri-calcium phosphate solubilization (16.57 to 140.38 μg ml-1) in vitro. Fifteen isolates showed P-mineralizing potential with extracellular (0.9×10-10 kat to 6.07×10-10) and intra-cellular (0.32×10-10 kat to 3.65×10-10) phytase activity. Of 31 P-solubilizing rhizobacteria, 20 isolates showed IAA (0.5 to 13.84 μg ml-1) producing potential. Taxonomically these bacteria were identified on the bases of 16S rRNA gene and belongs to ten different genera. Gene considered for P-solubilization pqqE, was successfully amplified in four (P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7, Serratia sp. KPS-8 and S. plymuthica KPS-10) bacterial strains while ß-propeller gene (encoding alkaline phytase) was confirmed in two (P. brassicacearum KPS-5 and B. subtilis KPS-11) bacterial strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, pqqE and ß-propeller genes showed their phylogeny at genus level. Phenotypic microarray analysis of potent P-solubilizers revealed their metabolic diversity and potential. P-solubilizers exhibited organic acids (gluconic, oxalic, tartaric, malic and lactic acids) production ability in varying amount. P-solubilization and organic acid production attributes were positively correlated (r= 0.9412 to 0.9912) with pH decline in culture medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of phosphobacterial strains P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 showed their colonization potential with potato roots. These bacterial strains were labelled with yellow fluorescent protein (yfp), inoculated to potato seedlings and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) which further confirmed their root colonization potential. Fifteen promising P-solubilizing bacterial strains were selected for plant inoculation test. All inoculations enhanced potato growth parameters. However, P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher potato growth compared to other inoculated and un-inoculated plants. In another experiment, conducted in soil supplemented with phytate, two rifampicin resistant derivatives of bacterial strains P. brassicacearum KPS-5 and B. subtilis KPS-11 were successfully recovered from potato rhizosphere and rhizoplane at different time intervals up to 60 days after inoculation which showed their survival and colonization potential. Both bacterial strains significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the potato growth parameters in comparison with un-inoculated plants. Field experiments were conducted at three different localities (Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Rawalakot) to evaluate plant growth promoting potential of selected rhizobacterial strains under field conditions. Bacterial inoculums of P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 supplemented with half dose of P fertilizer significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the growth and yield of potato when compared with un-inoculated plants with same level of P fertilizer as well as un-inoculated treatments with full dose of rock phosphate (RP). It is concluded on the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies that P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 are potential P-solubilizing rhizobacterial strains that can enhance growth and yield of potato by making unavailable forms of phosphorus to bioavailable form. These bacterial strains can be used as P-solubilizing bio-inoculants with reduced dose of P fertilizer for potato crop.
3۔ پولیس کا کردار پولیس کے لیے شرطہ کا لفظ امہات الکتب میں ملتا ہے۔" صاحب الشرطہ" (یعنی دستے کا امیر ) کا لقب ابتدا میں کسی صوبے یا شہر کے حاکم (والی) کے لیے مخصوص تھا، جو تمام دینی و دنیوی امور کا فیصلہ کرتا تھا، لیکن عباسیوں کے عہد میں یہ لقب صرف اس خاص عامل کے لیے مخصوص ہو گیا، جس کے ذمے نظم و نسق اور حفاظت عامہ کا کام ہوتا تھا، یعنی جس کے فرائض ہمارے کوتوال یا سپرنٹنڈنٹ پولیس کے سے ہوتے تھے ۔ خلفائے عباسیہ، اندلس کے خلفائے امویہ اور مغرب و مصر کے خلفائے فاطمیہ کے ماتحت صاحب الشرطہ کو قاضی سے زیادہ اختیارات حاصل ہوتے تھے، کیونکہ اسے یہ بھی اختیار تھا کہ وہ محض شبہ کی بنا پر کسی کے خلاف کارروائی کر سکےاور جرم کا ثبوت مہیا ہونے پہلے ہی جسے چاہے سزا کی دھمکی دے، لیکن شہری اس کے تابع فرمان نہیں ہوتے تھے ۔ اس کا حکم اور اختیار طبقے کے لوگوں اور بالخصوص تمام مشتبہ اور بری ادنیٰ شہرت رکھنے والے افراد پر ہی چلتا تها، البتہ اندلس ميں الشرطۃ الكبرٰى ( بڑی شرطہ) اور الشرطۃالصغرٰى (چھوٹی شرطہ ) میں فرق کیا جاتا تھا۔ الشرطۃ الکبرٰی کے نمائندے ایسے بڑے بڑے سرکاری افسروں کے خلاف بھی قانونی کارروائی کر سکتے تھے، جو کسی جرم کے مرتکب ہوے ہوں، بحالیکہ الشرطۃ الصغرٰى كا تعلق بالتخصيص ادنیٰ طبقے کے لوگوں سے ہوتا تھا۔ 371 کسی بھی ریاست میں نظام حکومت تین شعبوں میں تقسیم ہوتا ہے: مقننہ ، عدلیہ اور انتظامیہ۔ مقننہ کا کام قانون بنانا ہے۔ عدلیہ قانون کی تشریح کرتی ہے اور انتظامیہ قانون کی تنفیذ کا فریضہ سرانجام دیتی ہے ۔ قانون کی تنفیذ میں سب سے اہم پہلو قانون کی حفاظت کا ہے۔اس بات کی نگہداشت بہت ضروری ہوتی ہے کہ...
Fenomena yang terjadi saat ini banyaknya orang yang lebih suka berbelanja online Lewat Marketplace yang ada di Media Sosial dan bersaing dengan Fitur resmi E Commerce Seperti Shoope dan Tokopedia yang mendominasi Kekuatan Bisnis di Dunia Belanja Online , Sehingga bagaimana Strategi Bisnis di Tiktok Shop dalam bertarung dalam Dunia Bisnis online di Indonesia Khususnya di Kota Pekanbaru Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 100 orang Reponden yang berbelanja di Fitu Akun Media Sosial tiktok Shop dengan menggunakan rumus Lemeshow. Ketentuan analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh Strategi Bisnis yang dilakukan oleh Fitur Media Online terhadap Keputusan Berbelanja Warga Kota Pekanbaru lifestyle milenial, tagline gratis ongkir dan peran endorser terhadap keputusan pembelian produk fashion di Tiktok Shop pada Masyarakat Kota Pekanbaru Hal ini dibuktikan dengan nilai Fhitung> Ftabel atau 61,702 > 2,70 dan nilai signifikansi (sig.) <α = (0,05) atau 0,000 <0,05. Koefisien determinasi yang diperoleh sebesar 0,658 atau 65,8% dan 34,2% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini.
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters comprise one of the largest class of transmembrane proteins. One of the most studied member of the human ABC transporters superfamily is ABCB1 which is also known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1). Physiologically, P-gp protects the cells by exporting structurally and chemically unrelated substances out of the cell. P-gp also plays an important role in pharmacokinetics of drugs. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a common phenomenon observed in cancer cells which is mediated by several molecular pumps including P-gp. Therefore, it is also called multidrug resistance transporter. A major problem in the treatment of diseases like cancer has been the development of resistance to chemotherapies. The present study comprises of three major sections. 1. In silico study for selection of interacting residues of human P-gp with benzophenone sulfonamide type of derivatives 2. Generation and functional characterization of mutants selected from in silico work 3. Screening of benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives for their P-gp inhibitory potential to see their effect on reversal of MDR. For in silico studies, two templates were used for molecular docking of a class of benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives in order to predict the residues in the binding pocket of human P-gp. The crystal structure of mouse P-gp (PDB: 4M1M) was used as a template to build the homology model of human P-gp. Benzophenone sulfonamides were initially docked into the modeled human P-gp. Additionally, the recently published CEM structure of humanmouse chimeric-P-gp was used to dock the same class. Docking results predicted certain important residues of the binding cavity involved in binding to benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives. Among the interacting residues tyrosine Y307 and Y310 were found directly interacting with active compounds of the benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives. Y310 was found in both the types of docking while Y307 was a major interacting partner in humanmouse chimeric structure and found in close vicinity in the modeled human P-gp structure. The second section of the thesis describes the generation of two arginine mutants Y307R and Y310R. Tyrosine Y307 and Y310 were selected for mutation on the basis of docking results. Both Y307 and Y310 were mutated to arginine to see if the mutant transporter showed any difference in transport of substrates and inhibitors including rhodamine 123, propafenone GPV31, verapamil and 3 novel benzonphenone sulfonamide derivatives. Y307R and Y310R mutants were expected to alter the binding of substrates or inhibitors and also affect the transport rate. As expected the two mutants Y307R and Y310R showed a decrease in transport of rhodamine123 which clearly demonstrated the importance of intact tyrosines at position 307 and 310 for transport activity of human P-gp for its renowned substrate rhodamine123. In addition, results with well-known inhibitor of P-gp verapamil and propafenone analogue showed that both mutants require low concentration of inhibitors to inhibit P-gp as compared to wild type transporter. When the inhibition experiments of P-gp were conducted using benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives again both mutants behaved like verapamil and propfenone analogue by showing lower IC50 values as compared to wild type transporter. It had been noticed that Y307R was equally expressed as that of wild type and Y310R showed a slight higher expression as that of P-gp which indicated that these two mutants did not mechanically alter the transporter.Third section of the thesis describes evaluation of benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives as inhibitors of P-gp. Such class of compounds were proven to be good inhibitors as they possess lower molecular weights and LopP values than the well-known inhibitor verapamil. IC50 values showing inhibitory activity of the active compounds (11, 13 and 14) in very low nanomolar range were found to be 0.029 µM ± 0.001, 0.07 µM ± 0.02 and 0.005 µM ± 0.002 respectively.