The development of the Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was the result of continuous efforts and by product of liberalism. The treaty provides basis to non-proliferation mechanism aimed at halting spread of nuclear weapons. It is near universal treaty because Pakistan and India never signed the treaty in fact both states applied teachings of realism and off-shoots of realism such as nuclear deterrence theory to develop nuclear weapons as non-NPT states. Following nuclear weapons development India continues to produce weapons grade fissile material and expanding the size of nuclear reactors to be recognized as emerging regional power. India aspires to accomplish this goal with the help of nuclear and non nuclear weapons states signatories to the NPT. Nuclear weapons states are providing assistance to Indian in violation of the Article I of the treaty while non nuclear weapons states are breaking their promise pledged under Article II of the treaty. Indian gigantic military, the provocative Cold Start Doctrine (CSD), growing nuclear stockpiles, massive conventional forces, Theater and Ballistic Missile Defence tilt the favor of rising deterrent force asymmetry in New Delhi‟s favor. It is gradually introducing changes in its nuclear doctrine by replacing Credible Minimum Deterrent (CMD) posture with the overkill capacity. It is nuclearizing the Indian Ocean in pursuit to complete nuclear triad to ensure escalation dominance vis-à-vis Pakistan. India enjoys conventional asymmetry and it aspires to perpetually tilt the rising deterrent force asymmetry in its favor. New Delhi thus poses existential threat to Pakistan‟s security. These developments and Indian military modernization program thus disturbs strategic stability. Consequentially, teaching of security dilemma coerced Pakistan to develop battlefield/ tactical missiles, Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVS), Maneuverable Reentry Vehicles (MRVs) and rely on nuclear deterrent to thwart Indian aggression. India and Pakistan rivalry creates fear of inadvertent and deliberate nuclear war. Further, it poses twofold challenge to the NPT. First, India-Pakistan rivalry is systemically linked with United States and China it prevents Washington and Beijing from implementing Article VI, of the NPT thus poses direct challenge to the treaty. Second, the efficacy, nuclear doctrines and the role of nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan national security strategies increases strategic and political significance of nuclear weaponry for non-nuclear weapons states. It is possible that Non Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS) may draw inferences that nuclear weapons provide absolute security hence may decide to develop nuclear deterrent in violation of the Article II and Article IV of the NPT and exercise the withdrawal clause Article X of the NPT. It is therefore stated that New Delhi and Islamabad undermines the efficacy and the future relevance of the NPT. South Asian outlier states thus pose indirect challenge to the NPT. For sustaining regional strategic stability, war avoidance, to address the root cause of trust deficit and to bring India and Pakistan directly or indirectly into the NPT framework to strengthen the NPT formal and informal arms control measures (Abbasi‟s Model or the NPT + the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and India-Pakistan formula) have been proposed.
ڈاکٹر معظم حسین (پروفیسر مختار الدین احمد) عربی و اسلامیات کے ایک جلیل القدر عالم، ڈھاکا یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ عربی کے سابق صدر اور وہاں کے سابق وائس چانسلر کی وفات کی خبر بنگلہ دیش سے مجھے بہت تاخیر سے ملی، ہندوستان کے اخبارات و رسائل میں تو اس سانحۂ علمیہ کا ذکر بھی نہیں آیا۔ پروفیسر ڈاکٹر سید معظم حسین، متحدہ ہندوستان میں عربی ادب اور علوم اسلامی کے اہم علماء میں تھے، وہ مشہور مستشرق پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ (متوفی۱۹۴۰ء) اور آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ عربی کے صدر کے نامور تلامذہ میں تھے، وہ ڈھاکہ یونیورسٹی سے امتیاز کے ساتھ عربی میں ایم اے کرنے کے بعد بنگال کی حکومت سے وظیفہ پاکر عربی زبان و ادب کے تنقیدی مطالعے کے لیے انگلستان گئے اور آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی میں داخل ہوکر کئی سال تک پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ کی نگرانی میں علمی تحقیقات میں مصروف رہے۔ مارگولیوتھ، اسلام کے خلاف جس قسم کے تعصبات کے شکار تھے ان سے دنیائے اسلام اچھی طرح واقف ہے، لیکن اس میں شبہ نہیں کہ عربی ادب کی خدمات میں وہ اپنے معاصرین میں بہت ممتاز رہے ہیں۔ عربی مخطوطات کی ترتیب و تہذیب سے ان کی گہری دلچسپی تھی۔ ہمیں ان کا احسان بھولنا نہیں چاہیے کہ تراث اسلامی کی تلاش بازیافت اور ان کی تصیح و اشاعت کے کارناموں میں انھوں نے مکمل حصہ لیا۔ قدیم مسلم مصنفین کی متعدد تصانیف انھوں نے خود مرتب کر کے یا اپنے احباب اور تلامذہ سے مدون کراکے انہیں ضایع ہونے سے بچالیا۔ یاقوت الحموی کی معجم الادباء اور متعدد علمائے عرب کی تصانیف نے ان کی بدولت نئی زندگی پائی، ان کے تلامذہ میں ہندوستانی طلباء میں افضل العلماء ڈاکٹر عبدالحق (مدراس) ڈاکٹر عابد احمد علی (علی گڑھ) ڈاکٹر محمد عبدالحق (حیدرآباد) کے نام یاد آتے ہیں۔ اول الذکر سے انھوں نے دیوان...
Islamic Studies as a discipline in Nigerian Universities was introduced to provide training and the dissemination and promotion of Knowledge of Islam in particular and Islamic culture in general. The discipline is designed to pursue the development of Muslims through inculcation of Islamic values, norms and principles, without which the goal of ideological, moral, intellectual and economic development of any Muslim Nation may not be achieved. The programme seeks to make students appreciate the Qur’an and Hadith of the Prophet (S.A.W) as the two fountain heads on which Islam is based. The curriculum is structured to produce qualified intellectuals, professionals and scholars by integrating the articles of faith (Iman), qualities of knowledge, (Ilm) and good character (Akhlaq) to serve as agents of comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development. It focuses on developing practical solutions through research on contemporary problems of Nigerian Muslim society in particular and the Muslim world in general. This paper is going to discuss on the teaching methodologies for Islamic studies in the Nigerian Universities. A suitable teaching method is very important in helping to achieve desired objectives and behavioral outcome expected on the learners. The research Methodology to be adopted in conducting this research is analytical methods by studying facts and information on research methodologies used for teaching Islamic studies in Nigerian Universities and analyses them to make a critical evaluation.
The underlying study intends to show the impact of workers' remittances on the short and long run economic growth of Pakistan. Workers' remittance inflow characterizes a mechanism for capital transfer from developed countries to under developed countries, and workers' remittance inflow is considered the second-largest external funding source, behind Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for developing countries like Pakistan. In this study, in order to scrutinize the deeper dynamics of workers' remittances on economic growth mechanism of Pakistan, along this line, the study looks into the following areas: (I) to examine the direct long & short term relationship between workers' remittances and real economic growth, (II) to estimate the long and short run impact of worker's remittances with some addition of policy variables (inflation, exchange rate, trade openness, secondary school enrollment , unemployment rate) on real economic growth of Pakistan. By using the ARDL approach for the period 1973-2010. The findings suggest that there is strong positive long run as well as the short run relationship exists between workers' remittance inflow and real economic growth. Therefore, the government should realize effective macro-economic policies along with momentous improvements in the structure and functioning systems of governance for stabilizing economic growth along their determinants and given the important role of remittance, the key challenge for the government is to provide incentives to attract more remittances sent through official channels and ensure their productive use.