The present work is concerned with the determination of blood parameters, enzyme levels, blood chemistry and pesticide residues in the blood samples from different areas of Karachi in comparison with unexposed persons (i.e., control). Total 45 persons (exposed to pesticides) were taken in this study to assay the pesticides residues in their blood and also observed the morphological and chemical changes in the blood of affected persons. From 45 persons, only 20 persons were found positive and included in the study. Out of ten (10) standard pesticides five differentpesticides were identified in the blood of exposed persons such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, polytrin-C, malathion and permethrin. The other standard pesticides such as DDE, DDT, match, diazinon and monocrotophos were not detected. In addition blood samples were also collected from ten (10) normal persons (not exposed to pesticides) for the determination of blood parameters, enzymes levels and blood chemistry. Regarding blood parameters approximately all the blood samples had significant variations i.e., (increase or decrease level) possibly due to the cumulative effect of pesticide residues e.g., Majid a young male aged 25 years had been exposed to pesticides for long time and therefore his TLC and platelet counts were found high in addition to low levels of RBC count, Hb, Hct and MCH which probably due to the excessive secretion of enzymes. Similarly, Ghulam Hussain another young male person aged only 08 years had low levels of RBC, Hb, Hct, platelet, MCV and MCH, which may be due to toxic effects of pesticides. In differential leukocyte count (DLC), granulocyte count was found in lower limits in 40 samples and showed normal limits in 05 samples. Lymphocyte count was xi found high in 31 samples. Low limit of lymphocyte was not found in any person. Similarly, monocyte count was found in high limits in 38 samples. Low monocyte count was not noted in any sample and the rest of the samples had normal limits of monocyte. Positive effects of pesticide residues were also observed on the enzyme levels. Regarding enzyme levels GPT, ALP, and ɣ - GT had higher levels in maximum number of samples. Cholinesterase was found high in 6 samples out of 45 samples and the highest was found in case of Farhan and Abdul Rahmanwhere as low limit of cholinesterase was noted in 15 samples out of total samples which may due to prolonged exposure of pesticides. GPT was found in high limits in all the samples. Also ɣ - GT and ALP found high in all the samples. Effect of pesticide residues were also observed on the blood chemistry. Regarding total bilirubin only one sample showed normal limit. The rest of the samples had raised total bilirubin and the highest was found in Javed a young male person aged 12 years. Similarly, in case of bilirubin direct all the blood samples showed increased level. The standard chromatograms of 10 different pesticides such as match, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, polytrin-C, diazinon, DDE, monocrotophos, DDT, malathion and permethrin were prepared on HPLC and their retention time (RT) was noted. Calculation was done for the quantity of pesticides residues from the peaks of chromatograms. Regarding pesticide residues, out of total 45 samples, only 20 persons were found positive for residues. The quantity of pesticide was determined by comparing xii the peak area of the standard pesticide with the sample peaks. After analysis, it was found that out of 20 samples deltamethrin and cypermethrin were found in noticeable amount in 6 samples. Also polytrin-C, malathion and permethrin were found in 2, 1 and 5 samples respectively. The pesticides such as match, diazinon, DDT and monocrotophoswere not detected in any sample.
کامرس دا طالب علم ہوون دے باوجود ساہت، قدرتی منظر تے سہپن وچ میری دل چسپی بال پن توں ای سی۔ایہو کارن اے کہ میں باقاعدہ لکھنے توں پہلے سارا پاکستان خاص کر شمالی علاقہ جات دی یاترا تِن سو تو ں وی ودھ وار کیتی۔ بہت سارے لکھاری تے کویاں نال سنگت وی رہی تے جدوں پہلا لیکھ اخبار وچ چھپیا تاں متراں ولوں ملی ہلا شیری کان ساہت وچ دلچسپی ڈونگھی ہوندی گئی۔ پنجابی ساہت دیاں لکھتاں پڑھ تے اوہناں دے لکھاریاں نوں مل کے خوشی محسوس کردا ساں۔ارشاد ڈیروی نال وی میرا سمبھندھ ساہت پاروں ہویا۔ پہلی ملاقات دا قائم ہویا تاثر اج تائیں برقرار اے۔ اوہ اک درویش صفت منکھ نیں۔ سب نال پیار کرن والے تے یاراں دے یار، اُچ کوٹی کوی، پارکھ تے کھوج کارنیں۔ اوہناں دے سریر وچ اک بھڑکائو روح دا واس ہے جو اوہناں نوںٹک کے بہن نہیں دیندی۔ ہر ویلے کسے نہ کسے کم وچ رجھے رہندے نیں۔
میں اپنے کول موجود آپ دیاں لکھتاںنوںگوہ نال پڑھیا تے پڑھن توں بعد اوہناں دی شخصیت تے فن دی جو مورت من اندر ابھری میں انتہائی ایمان داری نال اکھراں دی لڑیاں وچ پرو کے تہاڈے ساہمنے رکھ دتا اے۔ میں کتھوں تائیں اپنے سرنانویں نال انصاف کر سکیاں ہاں، ایہہ گل تساں مینوں دسنی اے۔ تہاڈے وچاراں دا اڈیکن ہار۔
Before the prophecy of Prophet (S. A. W) the overall state of Arabs was so spoilt that even it was impossible for pedagogue and rectifier to show them the right path because it was not merely the matter of rectification of faith or preaching of right path neither to make them get rid of false beliefs nor to ameliorate the society. For the fulfilment of such type of rectification the preachers and guides are always there in the society and the reparation continues or carries on. The real muddle was to eliminate the arrogance and detrimental idolism which was so incessant generation to generation in the long run that the preaching and teaching of Prophet and the endeavor of guides were ineffective for them. It was the need of time to establish such type of shelter in which people of world could refuge in it. The remedy of this issue to bring into existence such type of human who was entirely different from the primitive human being. So Holy prophet (S. A. W) came as reformist. There are many golden aspects of prophet’s (S. A. W) reformation in a society, Makk life is also one of them. It is not only changed and revolutionized the whole of the human history but also changed political, social and moral scenario of world. Methodology which our Holy prophet adopted it was the first Methodology that respected and valued human wisdom along with being on right path. In this article the same view point has been discussed. The following are the main points: 1. Preacher’s conformity in words and deeds. 2. Clear mandate to set the target. 3. Perseverance to achieve the set goal. 4. The best policy for the betterment of society. 5. The key points for the leadership.
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Department of Industrial Engineering Doctor of Philosophy SURFACE FINISH OPTIMIZATION IN FACE MILLING GRADE 5 TITANIUM ALLOY FOR SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING By Imran Masood Sustainability achievement of difficult-to-machine materials is major concern now-a-days. In this work the machining sustainability of Ti-6Al-4V hardened up to 55 HRC is assessed through a novel technique of iso-response method, in which the response value i.e. surface finish is taken as criteria for evaluation and comparison among dry, conventional and cryogenic machining. Experiments were designed in DOE for central composite design and performed face milling of Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V using PVD coated carbide inserts under three conditions of cooling and measured the response values. Feed, speed and depth of cut were used as input parameters. The parameters giving nearly same response values in each scenario were used to evaluate the sustainability of each mode for cutting power, machining time, material removal rate, tool life and machining cost. Comparing the average results achieved by cryogenically cooled experiments, it is found that 61.9% less cutting power, 15.12% less machining time , 47.55 % less electricity cost and 47.59% less machine operating cost observed for cryogenically cooled experiments as compared with dry machining. Coolant cost is found 13.33 times cheaper for cryogenic as compared with conventional machining. Whereas increased material removal rate of 81.12% and increased cutting tool life by 5.2 times for cryogenic machining as compared to dry one. Furthermore on comparison of cryogenic machining with conventional machining, it is found that cutting time is saved by 3 %, cutting tool life is increase by 1.34 times, electricity cost is saved by 39 % and labour cost is saved by about 38%. iv The results indicate that cryogenic cooling is more sustainable as compared to dry and conventional cooling process. It was found that the cryogenic machining gives the best results for tool life, surface finish of machined part, productivity with least impact on the environment, least energy cost and machining cost. Findings of this research are helpful in assessing sustainability for machining industry to reduce tooling cost, machining cost, worker’s health problems, environmental impact and will help to select sustainable input parameters. The proposed model gives the machining industry a unique direction to adopt the sustainable input parameters.