Decline of citrus mango and guava is a serious threat in Pakistan. This study was undertaken to know the role of Nattrassia sp. in fruit orchard decline, its biology and listing down the management strategies. Its role was studies through recording the disease incidence and severity from citrus, mango and guava orchards in Punjab from Sargodha, Bhalwal, Multan, Rahimyar Khan, Pattoki, Sharqpur and Ahmedpur. Disease prevalence was found in all of the above areas of citrus mango and guava with less or more intensities. The sampling from target tree crops resulted in almost similar type of mycoflora except Ceratocystis sp. was isolated from only decline affected mango trees. Other fungi include Nattrassia mangiferae, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryosphaeria sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Penecillium sp. andCurvularia sp. with different intensities from affected twigs, branches, stem at collar region and roots. However, the fungus Nattrassia sp. and Lasiodiplodia sp. were the most common fungi. Pathogenicity was conducted to know the four decline causing fungi including Nattrassia sp. It was found that Nattrassia sp. alone cannot cause tree mortality but contributes towards the mortality in combination with other fungi. The fungus Nattrassia isolated from citrus is morphologically and physiologically different from isolates of mango and guava. However, there is resemblance in isolates of mango and guava. Most of the factors that favored the disease include no concept of pruning; faulty intercropping; flooding of the orchards; application of partially decomposed farm yard manure; poor nutrition; inadequate plant protection measures and less interest of the growers. The orchards can be managed by 25 adopting pruning, following recommended plant protection plans, nutrition based on leaf, soil and water sampling; avoiding plowing under tree canopies; if necessary to intercrop choose friendly crops. In short the decline of citrus, mango and guava have almost common, pathogens, common symptoms, common biology and hence the common management strategies may be adopted to avoid them in future.
افقرؔ موہانی دوسرا حادثہ اُردو کے بزرگ شاعر افقر موہانی کی وفات کا ہے، اپنے معاصرین میں وہ تنہا رہ گئے تھے، ان کی عمر کا اب کوئی شاعر زندہ نہیں ہے، وفات کے وقت ۸۸ سال کی عمر تھی، وہ استاد فن تھے بڑے اساتذہ کی طرح زبان کی باریکیوں پر اُن کی نظر بڑی گہری تھی، اور شاعری میں اس کا بڑا اہتمام رکھتے تھے، ان کے دامن تربیت میں بہت سے شعرا پلے، ان کے تلاندہ کا دائرہ وسیع تھا، صاحب قلم بھی تھے اسی زمانہ میں ایک رسالہ جام جہاں نما کے نام سے نکالتے تھے مگر عرصہ سے لکھنا چھوٹ گیا تھا، مگر مشق سخن برابر جاری تھی کبھی کبھی معارف میں بھی اپنا کلام بھیجتے تھے، حاجی وارث علی رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ کے مرید تھے ان کی یادگار میں ہر سال بڑے اہتمام سے مشاعرہ کرتے تھے، ان کی موت سے ایک استاد فن شاعر اٹھ گیا، رمضان المبارک میں موت یوں بھی ذریعہ مغفرت ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنی مزید رحمتوں سے نوازے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۷۱ء)
This article aims to determine the benefits of strategic planning for Islamic educational institutions. The method used is a literature review, by collecting various supporting article references from national journals. The results of this study explain, if strategic planning can be made and implemented correctly and supported by leadership commitment, then strategic planning can provide benefits for Islamic educational institutions, including: (1) Strategic planning can strengthen the "critical mass" into a team that compact, because it is directed to adhere to basic values, main systems and common goals, (2) Strategic planning can help to optimize the performance of Islamic educational institutions, (3) Strategic planning can help leaders to always focus attention and adhere to a framework for overall improvement efforts continuous, (4) Strategic planning provides guidelines for daily decision making, and (5) Strategic planning always makes it easy to measure the organization's progress in achieving its goals of improving quality and productivity. The benefits of educational strategic planning are things that need to be considered to create quality Islamic educationh
Eight early maturing sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid spp.) genotypes were evaluated in a four-replicated RCB designed experiment for two years each in plant and ratoon crops during 1909/00 to 2001/02 at the farms of Sugar Crops Research Institute, Mardan. The genotypes were S.87-USJ 87T S.86-US.795, S.86- US.642, S.86-US.432, Thatta-7, CP 72- . . 2086 TCP 81-1 Olncluding Mardan-93. Sixteen characters, germination %, hlicrs/70 m2, leaf stalk length, stalk diameter, intcrnodcs/slalk, stalk weight, stalks/70 m2, %, Pol %. purity %, fibre %, CCS % and sugar yield/70rn were studied in stalk yield. Brix planT''crop. Eleven characters, tillers/70 m2, stalk length, stalk diameter, stalk weight, stalks/70 m2. cane yield/70 m2, Brix %, Pol %, fibre %, CCS % and sugar yicld/70 m2 were studied in ratoon crop. Components of variability were evaluated for genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficients of variation, broad sense hcritability, expected genetic advances maintaining selection intensity of one genotype selection out of seven; and interrelationships of the characters through path analysis. Genotypes were significantly different in stalk diameter, intcrnodcs/slalk. single stalk weight, fibre content in plant and tillers, stalk length, stalk diameter and fibre content in ratoon (P < 0.01) crops while leaf area, stalk length and cane yield at P < 0.05 in plant crop. G x Y interaction was existed for Brix%, Pol% and CCS% in plant (P < 0.01) and fibre content in ratoon (P < 0.05). Genotypic coefficients of variation were ranged from -0.925% of Pol% to 17.477% of plant height in plant and -2.345% of sugar yield to 27.571% of tillers per 70m2 in ratoon crop. The degrees of genetic determination were ranged from -58.40% to 95.20% in plant and - 47.90% to 99.90% in ratoon crop. The genetic advances were ranged from -0.269% of CCS% to 23.276% of plant height in plant and -1.567% of CCS% to 37.616% of tillers/70m2 in ratoon crop at one genotype out of seven selection intensity. Low genetic advances of quality parameters both in plant and ratoon crops suggested that concentration should be made on cane yield component parameters maintaining quality parameters at a certain commercial acceptable levels during selection. Path analysis gave 38 positive and 42 negative correlation out of total 120 pairs of correlation while 17 positive and 19 negative correlation out of 55 in ratoon crop. Stalk weight, intemodes/stalk and fibre % showed direct positive effect on sugar yield in plant crop and stalk weight, stalk yield, Brix reading, Pol reading and CCS% in ratoon crop. Stalk length; stalk diameter, stalks yield, Brix %, Pol % and CCS% exerted indirect positive effects on sugar yield in plant crop. Genotypes, TCP 81-10, S.86-US.432, S.87-US.1873 and S.86-US642 were significantly (P <0.01) superior than Mardan-93 in cane yields.