Studies were conducted with the first aim to understand field evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and conventional insecticides. As an eco-friendly alternative, experiments were conducted to fully understand the nature of toxicity of Nucleopolyhedroviruses to insecticides resistant and susceptible Heliocverpa armigera Hübner populations and their impact on fitness of the insect. The most virulent strain synergised the activity with new chemistry insecticides such as spinosad and abamectin. Furthermore the most virulent HearNPV suppressed insecticides resistant H. armigra in the field. Helicoverpa armigera Hübner is one of the most destructive pests of several field and vegetable crops, with indiscriminate use of insecticides contributing to multiple instances of resistance. In the present study we first assessed whether H. armigera had developed resistance to Bt cotton and compared the results with several conventional insecticides. Furthermore, the genetics of resistance was also investigated to determine the inheritance to Cry1Ac resistance. To investigate the development of resistance to Bt cotton and selected foliar insecticides, H. armigera populations were sampled in 2010 and 2011. The resistance ratios (RR) for Cry1Ac, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, cypermethrin, spinosad, indoxacarb, abamectin and deltamethrin were 580-fold, 320-, 1110-, 1950-, 200-, 380, 690, and 40-fold, respectively, as compared with the population marked laboratory susceptible (Lab-PK). Selection of the field collected larval population with Cry1Ac in 2010 for five generations increased RR to 5440-fold. The selection also increased RR for deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, cypermethrin, spinosad, indoxacarb, abamectin to 125-fold, 650, 2840, 9830, 370, xxxi 3090 and 1330-fold respectively. The estimated LC50s for reciprocal crosses were 105 μg/ml (Cry1Ac-SEL female × Lab-PK male) and 81 μg/ml (Lab-PK female × Cry1Ac-SEL male) suggesting that the resistance to Cry1Ac was autosomal; the degree of dominance (DLC) was 0.60 and 0.57 respectively. Mixing of enzyme inhibitors significantly decreased resistance to Cry1Ac suggesting that the resistance to Cry1Ac and other insecticides tested in the present study was primarily metabolic. Resistance to Cry1Ac was probably due to a single but unstable factor suggesting that crop rotation with non-Bt cotton or other crops could reduce the selection pressure for H. armigera and improve the sustainability of Bt cotton. As an eco-friendly alternative to insecticides, HearNPV when tested for Lab-PK, field and Cry1Ac populations, there exist significant variation in LC50 values for these three populations with 0.91, 1.88 and 2.99x106 OBs, respectively. Field population required two times and Cry1Ac selected population needed about three times the concentration to kill 50% larval population. However, when SpltNPV was given to these three populations of H. armigera, there was insignificant variation in these values and their fiducial limits overlap each other. These revealed high efficiency of HearNPV against H. armigera than that of SpltNPV. There was an additive effect on the toxicity of co-infection of insecticides when mixed with HearNPV. This addition impact shows to be beneficial because insecticides vary in their mode of action and speed to kill as compared to that of HearNPV. However, this might be synergistic if observed after time enough for HearNPV to show its actual kill. Abamectin and spinosad are most commonly used insecticides against H. armigera and they showed lower LC50 xxxii values proving their high toxicity. However, their mixtures with HearNPV at sublethal concentrations showed more response of these insecticides than HearNPV. For UNSEL H. armigera population, development period of larvae and pupae was insignificantly variable for all the treatments when compared with control. However, total development period was less in control and more in abamectin with 5 days increase. Least adult life was on HearNPV mixture with spinosad and abamectin. Preovipositon period was of 3.8 days for UNSEL H. armigera population. For HearNPV SEL H. armigera population, development period of larvae and pupae was also insignificantly variable for all the treatments with total development period less in control and more in abamectin and spinosad. Least adult life was on HearNPV mixture with spinosad and abamectin. However, preovipositon period was insignificantly different for all the treatments. Three different bacteria were observed in dissected guts of H. armigera larvae with and without HearNPV treatment and compared with control, whose presence was observed in both treatments. The impact of HearNPV treatment on the production of occlusion bodies and liquefaction of H. armigera larvae was observed. HearNPV treatment increased the rate of occlusion bodies production up to 1000 times as compared to untreated which seems to be due to positive impact of these virions on gut flora activities. Survival rate comparison showed almost similar population trend in all treatments before application of insecticides. Spinosad was the most effective insecticide 24 hr post application followed by abamectin which remained statistically non-significant with HearNPV alone and or xxxiii mixed with insecticides. Data after 48 hours showed spinosad, abamectin and HearNPV with spinosad the most toxic. Third and fourth days after application proved both spinosad and abamectin as most toxic and did not differ from their mixtures with HearNPV. 5th, 6th and 7th days observations proved all the single and mixtures as the most toxic to H. armigera. The highest mortality was in spinosad followed by other single and mixtures when compared with control. Present studies revealed the efficacy of NPVs against Lepidopteran pests especially Helicoverpa armigera and the results proved it as alternate eco-friendly control and resistance delaying strategy for Helicoverpa armigera.
نعت عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے معنی تعریف یا وصف بیان کرنا کے ہیں اگرچہ عربی زبان میں اس مقصد کیلئے مدح کا لفظ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔مگر ادبی اصطلاح میں لفظ نعت نبی کریمﷺ کی مدح و تعریف کیلئے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔فارسی لغات میں نعت سے مراد نبی کریمﷺ کے اوصاف اور ثناء بیان کرنا کے ہیں۔اردو زبان کی ’’نور اللغات‘‘ میں لکھا ہے۔کہ یہ لفظ معنی مطلق وصف ہے۔اور اس کا استعمال نبی پاکﷺکی تعریف و ثناء کے بیان کے لیے وقف ہے۔اس لیے نعت کا لفظ عربی،فارسی،اردو،پنجابی اور دیگر زبانوں میں ایسے ہی معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے اور وہ سارے اشعار اور نظمیں نعت کے گھیرے میں آ جاتی ہیں جن میں آپﷺ کے محاسن بیان ہوئے ہوں۔اس طرح نعت کا گھیرا وسیع سے وسیع تر ہوتا جاتا ہے۔چونکہ نعت کا محور آپﷺ کی ذات پاک ہے۔اس لیے آپﷺ کی ذات سے صفات تک،افکار سے اعمال تک غرض ذات مقدس کا کوئی ایسا پہلو نہیں جو لغت کا موضوع نہ بنا ہو۔اخلاق ،سیرت،معجزات، غزوات، خطبات، عبادات، معاملات، عادات ،تعلیمات سب کچھ نعت کے گھیرے میں آ گئے ہیں۔
نعت کا وجود عربی ادب میں آپﷺ کی مبارک زندگی سے ہی نظر آتا ہے۔بہت سارے صحابہ کرام نے آپﷺکی پاک زندگی کے ایک ایک پل کو شعر وادب میں محفوظ کیا ہے۔یہی صحابہ کرام کا ورثہ تھا اور یہی ہمارا قیمتی اثاثہ ہے۔یوں تو اردو ادب میں لا تعداد شعراء کرام نے نبی پاکﷺ سے عقیدت و محبت کے اظہار کیلئے نعت گوئی کی،مگر بہت کم شعراء کرام ایسے ہیں جن کی ادب میں پہچان نعت گوئی بنی ہو۔دور حاضر کے ممتاز نعت گو شعراء کرام میں ایک نام جناب طالب حسین کوثریؔ کا بھی ہے۔جنہوں نے اپنی نعت...
Hinduism has been viewed by Semitic religions as a religion devoid of revelation. Early, Medieval and modem Muslim and Christian writings have often portrayed Hinduism as pagan even satanic while Hindus for millennia have claimed to be divinely revealed. Is Hinduism really a revealed religion and if so, what kind of a revelation does it have? In what manner does the divine reveal himself and who are the recipients of this revelation? To what extent is this concept different from ours? Does the process of revelation continue or has it been discontinued? These are some of the more significant questions that this article shall engage with. It clarifies that Hindus have books which they consider revealed and look upon much as Muslims look upon their Qur’an. The most significant of these among a majority of the Hindus are called the Vedas, literally, knowledge. It goes on to introduce the Vedas with respect to their various parts and content, what Hindus largely believe about it and how they ensured its preservation and safe transmission to later generations through various intricate and elaborate memorization techniques. The article highlights the importance of rishl, the recipients of these revelations, their kinds, characteristics and role in the process of revelation. The article contends that there is much in common between Rishland Semitic prophets with respect to their characteristics but that the similarities do not end here. Rather there is much more common ground to be explored with respect to revelation and its contents and its conveyors than meets the eye.
Two different synthesis approaches were utilized with the ambition for the development of efficient and cost effective adsorbents. These methods were simultaneous radiation grafting and emulsion graft polymerization. Poly(acrylonitrile) grafted sepiolite nanohybrid (MS-g-PANγ) has been synthesized using acrylonitrile via simultaneous radiation grafting. The grafting yield was measured by varying the absorbed dose, dose rate and monomer concentration. The acrylonitrile group was chemically modified into amidoxime (MS-g-aoPANγ). The structural and morphological investigations of these nanohybrids were performed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Batch adsorption studies were carried out for copper uptake onto amidoximated nanohybrid adsorbents to envisage the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentration. Equilibrium was attained within 30 minutes following pseudo-second order kinetics and was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 278 mg/g for 5 kGy sample. This environmental friendly and cost effective adsorbent can be used for the removal of copper ion. Same technique was exploited for the synthesis of sepiolite-g-polystyrene nanohybrid (MS-g-PSγ) using Co-60 irradiator in the presence of dichloromethane (DCM) under nitrogen atmosphere and room temperature. The grafting yield was affected by absorbed dose and monomer concentration in the mixture. Sulfonation of synthesized nanohybrid (MS-g-sPSγ) was carried out with sulfuric acid. Both the grafting of styrene and its sulfonation were verified by FT-IR, XRD and FESEM. The gravimetric investigations showed that grafting increased with the absorbed dose. Results showed that the system allowed successful grafting of styrene onto modified sepiolite. Sepiolite-g-polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites (MS-g-PAN) were also synthesized using emulsion graft polymerization. The influence of synthesis parameters (concentrations of monomer, initiator and surfactant) on grafting yield was studied. The nitrile group was chemically modified into amidoxime (MS-g-aoPAN). Maximum grafting of 373% was achieved at 5% acrylonitrile, 1% surfactant and 0.1% initiator xvii concentrations. The structural and morphological changes were observed by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM and TEM. Similar technique was applied for the synthesis of sepiolite-g-polystyrene nanocomposites (MS-g-PS) using styrene. Maximum grafting of 85% was achieved at 3% styrene concentration (w/v). FT-IR, XRD and FESEM confirmed the presence of polystyrene grafts but grafting yield was low (85%). So it can be established that radiation grafting is better route for the synthesis of sepiolite-g-polystyrene nanocomposites as compared to emulsion graft polymerization. The intention of this project was to develop organic-inorganic nanohybrid materials having the aptitude to adsorb toxic metals from waste water. The ambition was successfully achieved by adopting two routes of synthesis i.e. radiation grafting and emulsion graft polymerization.