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Home > Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chemical Fertilizers on Plant Growth, Oil Content and Quality of Safflower and Canola and Their Potential for Biodiesel Production

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chemical Fertilizers on Plant Growth, Oil Content and Quality of Safflower and Canola and Their Potential for Biodiesel Production

Thesis Info

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Author

Nosheen, Asia

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2419/1/3026S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727122729

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Experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone and supplemented with chemical fertilizers to improve quantity and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) with perspective to biodiesel production. First experiment of the series was conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR viz. Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter vinelandii and chemical fertilizers (Urea and DAP) alone and in combination (under axenic conditions) on enzymes activities of rhizospheric soil in addition to general impact on growth of safflower cvv. Thori and Saif-32. The PGPR were applied as seed inoculation at the rate of 10 6 cells/mL prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied at full (Urea 60 Kg ha -1 and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 30 Kg ha -1 ), half (Urea 30 Kg ha -1 and DAP 15 Kg ha -1 ) and quarter doses (Urea 15 Kg ha -1 and DAP 7.5 Kg ha -1 ) during sowing. The colony forming units (cfu) of Azospirillum and Azotobacter were higher in the presence of quarter dose of chemical fertilizers. Activities of soil enzymes viz. urease and phosphatase were enhanced by Azotobacter in combination with quarter doses of chemical fertilizers and Azospirillum in combination with half dose of chemical fertilizers respectively whereas; root proliferation was enhanced by Azotobacter and Azospirillum supplemented with half and quarter doses of chemical fertilizers. The 2 nd experiment was focused on the effect of PGPR and chemical fertilizers under field conditions on plant growth, seed yield, oil contents and quality of safflower with perspective to biodiesel production. The indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, oil contents, oil/protein ratio and seed phenolics were improved by Azospirillum with half dose of chemical fertilizers. Azospirillum in combination with quarter dose of chemical fertilizers improved the fatty acid profile, oil quality and amino acids contents with parallel increase in biodiesel yield whereas; Azotobacter in combination with quarter dose of chemical fertilizers improved seed crude protein and induced protein of 130 KDa and 100 KDa. Seed nutrients viz. Ca +2 , K + were increased by Azotobacter and Azospirillum supplemented with half dose of chemical fertilizers. In the 3 rd experiment effects of chemical fertilizers, Azospirillum and Azotobacter were studied on plant growth, seed yield and oil quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) var. Pakola pertaining to biodiesel production. Significant improvements in seed yield ixand seed size were recorded in chemical fertilizer treatment while oleic acid (C18:1) was improved by Azospirillum treatment with parallel decrease in erucic acid contents. Azotobacter showed maximum increase in seed oil content with concomitant decrease in seed glucosinolate and moisture content. Chemical fertilizers and Azospirillum decreased the oil acid value and free fatty acid (%FFAs) contents with concomitant increase in seed protein and biodiesel yield (93 % and 92% respectively). Protocol for the production of safflower biodiesel was optimized using 1 H NMR, FT- IR, GC-MS and refractometer techniques. The biodiesel samples prepared by base catalyzed transesterification reaction showed maximum yield (97.84%) at 0.5% catalyst concentration with 6:1 methanol/oil ratio at 65°C as quantified by 1 H NMR technique with minimum (1.41) refractive index and improved physico-chemical properties. The GC/MS analysis showed the presence of five major faty acid methyl esters. Improvement in separation and quantification of fatty acid methyl esters in safflower oil was achieved using comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). The GC×GC separation accomplished by the combination of SLB-IL111 with IL59 column phases provided excellent separation of FAME standard mixture and also safflower FAMEs were well separated and quantified in a short run of 16 min. It is inferred that PGPR can supplement the chemical fertilizers upto 50%–75% in order to obtain optimum growth and yield of safflower and use of advanced technologies improved biodiesel and fatty acid analyses being more rapid, precise and cost effective.
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ارادھنا

ارادھنا
ساعت نایاب میں!
معانیوں کے شباب میں۔۔۔سبز بارشوں کے سحاب میں!
جذبات کی خوشبو۔۔۔چشم عہد وفا میں!
روایتوں کے تلازمے میں۔۔۔آپؐ کے نام سے زندگی ہے
آپؐ محبوب رب العالمین ۔۔۔آپؐ رحمت اللعالمین ہیں
آپؐ کے نسب نامے کا ورد کرتے ہوئے!
وجد انگیز قوسوں کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے!
زعفرانی لحن کو۔۔۔گلاب کے بانکپن کو!
رشتۂ لکنت سے منسلک!
آگ کا تاثیر توریت میں ڈوبا ناول پڑھتا ہوں!
مکہ سے مدینہ کا سفر نامہ پڑھتے ہوئے !
غارِ ثور میں گونجتی نثری نظمیں سناتا ہوں
میں تو بس صبح و شام !
آپؐ کی بارگاہ میں درود و سلام پیش کرتا رہتا ہوں
آپؐ کا نام میری بندگی ۔۔۔زندگی ہے
آپؐ محبو ب رب العالمین ۔۔۔آپؐ رحمت اللعالمین ہیں
آپؐ شافعِ محشر۔۔۔آپؐ حبیبِ خدا!
صلِ علیٰ۔۔۔صلِ علیٰ۔۔۔صلِ علیٰ

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جنگی قیدیوں کے حقوق شریعت اسلامیہ اور بین الاقوامی قوانین کی روشنی میں

Islam encourages treating war-prisoners positively. The prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) showed it by his conduct as he never mal  treated any war-prisinor. Quran also teaches it as Allah describes the qualities of true believers as “and they give food, inspite of their love for it (or for the love of Him), to the Miskīn (the poor), the orphan, and the captive. [Al-Dahar; 8] The same teachings are in practice in the international law. The present article dicusses the rights of war-prisoners both in the light of Islamic and international law.   

Evaluation of Insecticidal Resistance in Mosquitoes under Controlled Conditions.

On an overall basis, fifteen species were recorded from four selected districts during 2016-17. However, populated area proved to more infested followed by agricultural and industrial area. Rawalpindi depicted as more diversified district as compared to Lahore, Sialkot and Faisalabad.A huge number of insecticides are used for the control of agricultural pests and household pests, such as mosquitoes, with the application of over and under doses in Punjab, Pakistan. Moreover, after the dengue epidemic that occurred during 2010, insecticides were sprayed in huge amounts and at high doses in major cities of Punjab to control mosquitoes. This also resulted in insecticidal resistance in mosquitoes. Mosquitocidal assays of larvae (in beakers) and adults (impregnated papers) were evaluated after 24 h. The bioassay data showed Temephos, Fenitrothion, Malathion, Pirimiphos Methyl, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Permethrin and Bendiocarb lethal concentration (LC50) for 50 percent mortality of Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. Stephensi susceptible population (SS) compared with field populations of Faisalabad (FSD), Sialkot (SKT), Rawalpindi (RWP) and Lahore (LHR). The larvicidal LC50 value of temephos ranged from 0.007 to 0.416 ppm. In the case of adulticides, three groups of insecticides were applied to papers and used against different populations collected from populated, agricultural and industrial areas of Lahore (LHR), Rawalpindi (RWP), Sialkot (SKT) and Faisalabad (FSD). Pyrethroids demonstrated the lowest effective concentration among the tested pesticides (organophosphates & carbamates). Among the pyrethroid group, deltamethrin was recorded as being the most toxic (0.483 – 9.245 ppm), followed by cypermethrin (1.839 – 33.139 ppm) and permethrin (5.145 – 101.533 ppm). ppm. The chi-squared value showed no heterogeneity across all the experiments. The results also indicated that the LHR population was highly resistant, followed by the RWP, SKT and FSD populations; moreover, the mosquito populations from agricultural areas were more resistant than those from populated and industrial areas. However, the resistance map also reflected that LHR showed extremely high to high level resistance which was indicated by red to blue color whereas RWP found high to moderate resistance indicated by blue to yellow followed by SKT and FSD. The biochemical analysis showed the elevated activity of enzymes (esterases, mixed-function oxidases, glutathione S-transferase and acetyl-cholinesterase) in resistant populations. It was concluded that the injudicious application of chemicals in an area caused the risk of resistance and the reappearance and resurgence of certain mosquitoes. Further, research is needed to identify health and environmental risks and to devise an effective programme through the use of selective and specific insecticides.