المبحث الرابع: أهم الشاعرات في اللغة الأردية بعد قيام باكستان
من أھم الشاعرات بعد التوحید لھن الدور الکبیر في إصلاح المجتمع ومنھن۔
صفية شميم مليح آبادي
وھي من أکبر الشاعرات ویأتي إسمھا في الصف الأول في مقدمۃ الشاعرات المشھورات وقد ولدت في 28 مارس 1920م ولھا مجموعات شعریۃ رائعۃ منھا نغمۃ قدس، چراغ، نشاط غم وگرائیہ ستم وغیرھا۔
رابعة نهاں
ولدت في 20 سبتمبر في عام 1920م، وھي شاعرۃ قدیمۃ ومعروفۃ ولھا خمس مجموعات شعریۃ وھي شقیقۃ الشاعرۃ۔ الکبیرۃ بلقیس جمال. ومن أشعار رابعہ نھاں:
دل و نگاہ کے ہر امتحاں سے گزرے ہیں
خموش رہ کے بھی حسن بیاں سے گزرے ہیں
الترجمۃ:
لقد مررنا من کل امتحان القلب والنظر
فقد قُمنا بحسن البیان مع السکوت الدائم
آدا جعفري
ولدت الشاعرۃ ادا جعفري 1924م وقد ثم طبع مجموعتھا الشعریۃ الأولی في عام 1950م۔ ولھا أشعار مشھورۃ ومعروفۃ منھا:
تم پاس نہیں ہو تو عجب حال ہے دل کا
یوں جیسے میں کچھ رکھ کے کہیں بھول گئی ہوں
الترجمۃ:
لم تکن أنت موجودٌ عندي وحالۃ قلبي عجیبٌ
ھکذا کأنني وضعتُ شیءًا ثم نسیتُہ
ومن الشاعرات المعروفات زھرہ نکاہ کشور ناھید وفھمیدہ ریاض
فهميدة رياض
وھي من أشھر شاعرات العصر الحدیث تناولت في أشعارھا المواضیع المختلفۃ ورفعت قلمھا وصوتھا ضد الظلم والاستبداد السیاسي ولھا مجموعات شعریۃ رائعۃ ومنھا پتھر کی زبان، بدن دریدہ، دھوپ، ادھورا آدمی وغیرھا من الکتب الرائعۃ والمنظومات القیمۃ ولھا أشعار رائعۃ منھا:
خدائے ہر...
Natural Sciences learning laboratory activities are an integral part of teaching and learning activities, This shows how important the role of laboratory activities to achieve the goals of science education. Through laboratory activities, students will be given the opportunity to encourage curiosity and the desire to try, test and reason the theories obtained. The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of a science laboratory in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. The research method uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis. The research subjects were the head of the laboratory and the science subject teacher and the students at SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and student learning outcomes. Based on the results of the study, the availability of natural science practicum tools in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol, the average availability of practical tools and materials 68.33% classified as complete categories, the average presentation of the feasibility of practical tools and materials 90.67% included in the excellent category based on the Ministry of Education number 24 of 2007. The effectiveness of practicum implementation in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol is classified as effective category with an average presentation of practicum at 85%. Coupled with an average increase in cognitive competencies average preetest 58 increase in posttest by as much as 87 in addition to the average value of competence in the areas of psychomotor average preetest obtained 60 and posttest 90 showed a significant increase competency knowledge and skills of learners. Success in the cognitive domain will also have a positive impact on the development of the psychomotor domain (skills) of students. Management of laboratory facilities and infrastructure planning in improving the quality of learning in schools must be planned by the head of the laboratory, planning science teachers by preparing learning tools and identifying the subject matter to be practiced in the laboratory, laboratory administration governance supported by good organization from the leadership of policy makers in school. Implementation of laboratory facilities and infrastructure management in improving the quality of learning in schools including procurement, inventory, storage, structuring, use, and maintenance. Supervision carried out by the principal is in accordance with the provisions, to be more efficient the school should make a program or schedule of supervision processes to be more controlled and run well and smoothly.
This thesis deals with the phonology of Maḥbashi Yemeni Arabic (MYA).It is the first descriptive analysis of the phonology of MYA. It provides a normative analysis data for the syllable based processes of MYA demonstrating that the dialect under investigation have similar but not identical phonological environments of the syllable based processes: syncope, epenthesis and vowel shortening. The analysis is presented in terms of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky ,1993). As for the methodology and data collection, the researcher made use of data collected from a set of people who are native speakers of Mahbashi Arabic. The researcher recorded their conversations taking place in official, social, cultural, religious and domestic contexts. The recorded data covered different types of words:monosyllabic, disyllabic, tri-syllabic and quadri-syllabic. The findings confirm that MYA shares some the syllable structures with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and it differs in other syllable structures. By closely examining a wide range of data, the study proved that MYA exhibits ten syllable structures; CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, CCV, CCVV, CCVCC, CCVC, CVCC and CCVVC. As far as syllable structure of consonant cluster is concerned, the faithfulness constraints MAX-IO>DEP prevails over the markedness constraints *σ[CC, *CC]σ . The syllable related processes:syncope, epenthesis and vowel shortening were examined through the interaction of different constraints. As far syncope is concerned, the study proves that the constraint i,u]σ is active in MYA and is ranked high in the constraint hierarchy.The study accounted for epenthesis and asserted that the constraints * σ [CCC is active in MYA. The study has shown that vowel epenthesis is governed by the relative ranking of the CONTIGUITY family constraints; D-CONTIG and J-CONTIG where D-CONTIG dominates J-CONTIG in MYA. With regard to vowel shortening, the study revealed that the constraints *3 μ and MAX IO (μ) were in conflict. therefore, opacity constraint and lexical phonology and morphology (LPM) were able to account for vowel shortening when the long vowel of the verb is suffixed by either a subject or an object morpheme. This thesis concludes that OT provides the means to effectively account for the syllable structure and its processes in MYA. The study shows that the superiority of OT was evidenced in solving and providing the reasons for the occurrence of these processes rather than merely stating the rules in a rule-based theory fashion. This has been proved and indicated in the universality of the constraints and is reflected in the dialect specific ranking of the constraints.