عمل سے زندگی بنتی ہے جنت بھی جہنم بھی
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
والعصر ان الانسان لفی خسر . الا الذین امنو وعملو الصلحت ط
صدر ِذی وقار اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع ملا ہے وہ ہے ڈاکٹر علا مہ محمد اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کے شعر کا مصرع:’’عمل سے زندگی بنتی ہے جنت بھی جہنم بھی‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
اگرچہ پڑھنے میں قاری کو ایک مصرع نظر آتا ہے۔ لیکن اپنے اندر مفا ہیم اور مطالب کا ایک جہان آباد کے ہوئے ہے۔ علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ قوم کو خواب غفلت سے بیدار کرتے ہوئے فرماتے ہیں کہ عمل کے بغیر تصور زیست ممکن ہی نہیں، زندگی حرکت وعمل کا دوسرا نام ہے۔ اوربے عملی یا جمود کا دوسرا نام موت ہے، عمل سے ہی زندگی کا بگاڑ ہے، اورعمل سے ہی زندگی کا نکھار ہے۔ جام زندگی کے دوام کا راز گردش پیہم میں پوشیدہ ہے۔ بے عملی نہ صرف انسان کو کاہل ، سست اور کمزور بناتی ہے بلکہ بے یقین اور بزدل بھی بناتی ہے، اس کے برعکس عمل انسان کومستعد ،معتمد اور معزز بناتا ہے۔ اقبال کے الفاظ ہیں :
چلنے والے نکل گئے ہیں
جو ٹھہرے ذرا کچل گئے ہیں
کلام پاک میں یہ بات قسم اُٹھا کر بتائی جارہی ہے کہ انسان نقصان میں ہے لیکن جو لوگ ایمان لائے اور نیک کام کرتے ہیں وہ نقصان میں نہیں ۔معلوم ہوا کہ انسان کا انسانیت کی معراج پر فائز ہونابغیر عمل کے ممکن نہیں۔ بقول شاعر:۔
خود عمل تیرا ہے صورت گر تری تقدیر کا
شکوہ کرنا ہو تو اپنا کر مقدر کا نہ کر
جو انسان صاحب عمل ہوتا ہے وہ اپنے کسی کام...
This study aims to investigate how unwanted pregnancy affects adolescent psychology. The research approach utilized within the planning of this study is qualitative. Data collection was carried out concurring to a foreordained plan. Qualitative data collection uses different strategies such as interviews, perception, documentation, and so on. The information investigation handle is carried out by receiving and creating intuitively designs that incorporate data reduction, data introduction, verification or conclusion drawing. The result of the study shows that the frequency of undesirable pregnancy will unquestionably have an effect on the brain research of everybody who encounters it. This happens since of a few components counting; the calculation of fear of family responses, the figure of fear of future harm and fear of social sanctions that are gotten. 3 out of 5 youths have a positive acknowledgment demeanor towards undesirable pregnancy, whereas the other two have a negative acknowledgment state of mind. Typically, it is due to contrasts within the number of sources of bolster from the environment.
The present studies were aimed to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites responsible for antibacterial activity from medicinal plants present in Pakistan. Two plant species Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq. and Quercus baloot Griff. were selected on the basis of literature review and their traditional uses in ailments related to microorganisms. The n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Dodonaea viscosa were analyzed for antimicrobial potential against four Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (MRL M 1), Bacillus cereus (MRL M 52), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 10240), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538); three Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (Cl. I. 140), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9721) and the yeast Candida albicans (Cl. I. 4043). It showed inhibition against S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The TLC solvent systems for each of the fraction were developed and the resulting chromatograms of the fractions were sterilized using ethylene oxide or dioxane, which were then subjected to contact bioautography. Multiple inhibition zones were observed at different R f values against B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans indicating the presence of antimicrobial components. Isolation of the active principles responsible for the antimicrobial activities was attempted through preparative TLC, but it was unable to yield the compounds. The results from the preliminary screening and contact bioautography indicated n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions having good potential in terms of antimicrobial activities, therefore, they were chosen for further investigations. HPLC revealed the presence of large number of metabolites; therefore, further isolation was done using preparative HPLC that resulted in 52 sub-fractions each for n-hexane and n-butanol fractions while 48 sub-fractions were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction. XTT-Bioassay was used in hyphenation with preparative HPLC to mark the antibacterial potential of the emerging sub-fractions. S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were used in all XTT based bioassays. On the basis of bioassay results, six sub-fractions from n-hexane fraction were selected and analyzed upon HPLC in analytical mode, which indicated multiple numbers of compounds in them, thereby, necessitating further isolation. Further fractionation gave 218 sub-sub fractions that were tested against the same two bacteria. The sub-sub fractions indicating antibacterial activity were analyzed upon HPLC and isolation of the compound was possible from the sub-sub fraction no. 12 of sub-fraction 42 of n-hexane fraction of D. viscosa’s crude ethanolic extract. The compound’s MIC’s against S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were 64 μg/ml and 128 μg/mlxviii respectively. The MBC’s against these organisms were 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively, which indicated a moderate activity against the Gram-positive bacterium. The structure analyses revealed the compound to be 15, 16-epoxy-cis-cleroda-3, 13(16),14- trien-18-oic acid-18,6-olide, a clerodanefuranolactone, previously known for its structure but this is the first report of its antibacterial potential and its presence in D. viscosa. Quercus baloot fractions were processed in the same manner and were subjected to antimicrobial analysis using similar panel of microorganisms. Preliminary screening using disk diffusion and agar well diffusion methods showed inhibition zones against S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. TLC chromatograms and subsequent contact bioautography showed inhibition zones at different R f values against B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, and S. aureus indicating the presence of antimicrobial components. On the basis of these findings QDM fraction underwent HPLC evaluations that indicated a good number of metabolites; therefore, preparative HPLC was carried out that yielded 52 sub-fractions that were subjected to XTT bioassay to mark the antibacterial potential from which five potential sub-fractions were again analyzed upon HPLC. Each sub-fraction had several compounds, thereby; preparative HPLC was applied that resulted in 175 sub-sub fractions, which were subjected to XTT bioassay using same two bacteria. The sub-sub fractions indicating antibacterial activity were analyzed upon analytical HPLC and isolation of a semi-purified compound was made from the sub-sub fraction no. 15 and 16 of sub-fraction 39 of dichloromethane fraction obtained from Q. baloot’s crude methanolic extract. Its MIC’s against S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were 16 μg/ml and 128 μg/ml respectively while MBC’s were 64 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively. This compound requires further purification and characterization. This is the first report of such an activity in Q. baloot.