Texture analysis is an extremely active and useful area of research. In texture analysis the invariance to rotation, scale and translation are the most typical requirements. Moreover, gray-scale invariance is another important issue. It arises due to the reason that a texture may be subject to different levels of illumination. The purpose of this study is to investigate some inexpensive approaches that are rotation and gray scale invariant and to large extent translation invariant as well. There are three different types of approaches, which have been addressed in this dissertation. In the first approach, we have done texture analysis using Radon Transform (RT) based Hidden Markov Model (HMM). We have introduced three different ways to extract feature vectors using RT. All three give rotation invariant features, while the last one gives rotation, as well as, gray scale invariant features. The textures in this case have been taken from Brodatz album. Due to the inherent property of the RT, we are able to capture the directional features of a certain texture having arbitrary orientation. This set of directional features is used for training of an HMM specifically for that particular texture. Once all the HMMs have been trained, the testing is carried out by using any one of these textures at random with arbitrary orientation. The second approach is somewhat similar to the above one except that the modified or Differential Radon Transform (DRT) has been used instead of the ordinary RT. Hence, we are able to capture the features which are not only rotation but are also gray scale invariant. The reason for the later property is that, unlike the ordinary RT, the DRT is based on the differences between adjacent pixels instead of summing up the pixel values. These features have been used for training of HMMs, one for each texture, and finally testing is carried out. Similar experimentation has been done to extract features using both RT and DRT to give low pass and high pass features. The training and testing process using HMM has been done in a similar manner as above. The third approach is quite different from the above two approaches. In this approach, some principal direction of a texture is defined. Once this direction is estimated, discrete wavelet transform is applied in that particular direction to extract features. These features are then used for classification by k-nearest neighbor classifier. There are two definitions of principal direction, which have been proposed in the dissertation. In case of vthe first definition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been used to estimate this principal direction. In the case of second definition, the direction has been found out by using DRT. This scheme is computationally lighter compared to the previous one. However, the third approach is limited to anisotrpic textures only unlike the previous method Considering the percentage of correct classification as figure of merit, we have carried out the performance evaluation of the above three approaches. The average result has been found to be 95% approximately and the best result has been close to 100%.
ہم قاہرہ یونیورسٹی اور حدیقہ الحیوان سے پیدل کبری الجامعہ پہنچے جس کے نیچے دریائے نیل رواں دواں تھا ۔میں نے یہاں اس پانی میں ٹھہرائو اور بردباری محسوس کی نیل اپنے ہزاروں میل کے بہائو کاا ظہار چیخ چیخ کر نہیں کر رہا تھا ۔ہم نے تین مصری جنین کے دو ٹکٹ لیے اور لانچ میں بیٹھ گئے ۔لانچ کی خستہ حالی بھی مصری عوام کی معیشت کی طرح زبوں حال اور نا تواں تھی ۔لانچ میں بیٹھتے ہی مجھے دکتور ہ شائمہ کی بات یاد آئی ۔انہوں نے کہا تھا کہ ایک مصری کہاوت ہے کہ جو بندہ دریائے نیل کا پانی پی لے وہ دوبارہ مصر ضرور آ تا ہے ۔میں نے چلتی لانچ سے ہاتھ دریا میں ڈالا اور اوک بھر پانی پیا ۔لانچ کی ایک کھڑکی میں سبز رنگ کی بوتل نظر آئی میں نے بوتل کو نیل کے پانی میں خوب دھویا اور اس کودریا کے پانی سے بھرا ، دکتور محمود بولے اس کاکیا کرو گے میں نے کہا یہ سبز رنگ کی بوتل ہے اور پاکستان کا سرکاری رنگ سبز ہے میں اس سبز رنگ کے ساتھ نیل کا اشتراک چاہتا ہوں میری خواہش ہے کہ مصر اور پاکستان ایک دوسرے کے قریب ہوں ،اس پانی اور بوتل کی طرح ۔میں نے دکتور محمود سے پوچھا نیل کا پانی کہاں سے نکلتا ہے اس نے کہاں سوڈان میں کوئی دور جگہ ہے ۔میں نے پوچھا وہاں کو نسا گلیشئیر ہو سکتا ہے جہاں سے یہ پانی آ تا ہے کہنے لگے افریقہ میں گلیشئیر نہیں ہوتے یہ کوئی پاکستان تو نہیں ،پھر کہنے لگے کوئی دو جھیلیں ہیں وہاں سے یہ پانی آ تا ہے ۔اس حوالے سے میں معلوماتی کتب سے رجوع کیا تو معلوم ہوا کہ ہم جسے ایک دریائے نیل سمجھ...
Family is the only institution where the nations are built. Basic moral values are also taught by the family. Manners, ethics and moral values has great importance in islam. That’s why Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) was sent to uphold and uplift ethical values. Being the role model for humanity in all affairs, seerah of Muhammad (PBUH) also provides guidance how to teach ethics and moral values in a family system. This paper will highlight the Prophetic method of teaching ethics and moral values in a family setup.
The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the fluid flow driven by stretching of the sheet. In fluid dynamics, there are many mechanisms to drive the fluid flow: like the motion of the boundaries, the pressure gradient and the buoyancy force. Of these mechanisms, the motion of the boundaries remains the most important. And among many fluid flows driven by the motion of the boundaries, the flow induced by stretching of the surface has been of greatest value and importance. In fact its importance lies in the application of stretching sheets in industry and engineering. Such flows are generally generated in extrusion of polymers, fibers spinning, hot rolling, manufacturing of plastic and rubber sheet, continuous casting and glass blowing. The stretching of the sheets have been initially undertaken in Newtonian fluid and later on extended to non-Newtonian fluids-- because of their application in polymer industry. The heat transfer through a fluid in the presence of fluid flow is also a subject of immense importance both for understanding of fluid flow and its applications in vast areas of industrial problems. Keeping in view the importance of the flow and heat transfer by stretching sheet a huge amount of work has been published for linear, power law and exponential stretching of the sheets in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. However, the bulk of this work describes the flow and heat transfer past a continuous stretching surface taking linear, polynomial, power law and exponential stretching velocities and temperature distributions. However, this has always been a challenge for the scientists and engineers to introduce new stretching velocities for the solutions of non-linear equations on the one hand and its industrial applications on the other hand. The present thesis extends the class of stretching problems by introducing a hyperbolic stretching velocity and temperature distribution on the sheet, for the first time. The appropriate similarity transformations are introduced to reduce PDEs into ODEs. Arbitrary stretching and non- Newtonian fluids are also taken into consideration. These investigations will go a step forward in understanding the fluid flow and heat transfer for so far unaccounted stretching of the sheet and its possible industrial applications both in Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids. The first chapter of this thesis contains the history and literature related to stretching sheet problems and states the basic definitions and equations to be used in later chapters. In second chapter we introduce the concept of hyperbolic stretching of the sheet for the first time in this thesis. The boundary layer flow and heat transfer analysis of an incompressible viscous ixfluid for a hyperbolically stretching sheet is investigated. The analytical and numerical results are obtained using series expansion method and Local Non-Similarity (LNS) methods respectively. Analytical and numerical results for skin friction and Nusselt number are calculated and compared with each other. The significant observation is that the momentum and thermal boundary layer thicknesses decrease as the distance from the leading edge increases. The well- known solution of linear stretching is found as the leading order solution for the hyperbolic stretching. The contents of this chapter have been published in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition), 33(4), 445–454 (2012). Flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting viscous fluid over a hyperbolic stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and internal heat generation is investigated in third chapter. The suitable transformations reduce the governing equations in a tractable form for the analytical and numerical solutions. The same analytical and numerical methods, as in chapter two, are used to obtain the results. The essence of this paper is to examine the effects of viscous dissipation, magnetic field and heat generation in a recent paper of hyperbolic stretching sheet presented in last chapter. This work has been submitted in International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow for publication. Fourth chapter deals with the study of mixed convection flow and heat transfer of a viscous fluid along a vertical hyperbolic stretching wall. The results have been obtained considering the effect of heat generation/absorption. The solutions for forced convection flow over a linear stretching surface with linear temperature distribution in the presence of heat source/sink are found to be the leading order solutions of mixed convection past a hyperbolic stretching wall. In next chapter, the boundary layer flow and heat transfer analysis of an incompressible nanofluid for a hyperbolically stretching sheet is presented. The model used considers the effects of Brownian diffusion and the thermophoresis. Analytical and numerical results for skin friction, Nusselt number and Sharwood number are calculated and compared with each other. The effects of different physical parameter on velocity, temperature and concentration of nanoparticles are also analyzed. The leading order solution of this problem represents the flow, heat and mass transfer of an incompressible viscous fluid over a linearly stretching surface. The boundary layer flow of second grade fluid over a permeable stretching surface with arbitrary velocity and appropriate wall transpiration is investigated in fifth chapter. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of constant applied magnetic field. Exact solution to the nonlinear xflow problem is presented. The contents of this chapter are published in Applied Mathematical Letters, 24 (2011), 1905–1909. The last chapter presents an exact analytical solution of magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) viscous flow over a permeable sheet with partial slip boundary conditions. The flow is induced by an arbitrary stretching of the surface. The exact analytical solution of the problem becomes possible by taking an appropriate wall transpiration velocity. An existing solution for flow generated by arbitrary stretching surface with no slip condition class of the exact solutions of the Navier Stokes equations for stretching surface.