Sugarcane shows reduced crop stand under relatively suboptimal conditions, the main reason for this is sensitivity of bud tissue to temperature fluctuations and salinity at sowing time. The aim of these studies was to explore the physiological, developmental and molecular changes occurring in the immature sugarcane buds under heat, cold and salt stresses, and possible role of proline and glycinebetaine in mitigating the changes in a time course manner during sprouting of nodal buds. All the stresses reduced bud fresh and dry weight, led to the generation of H 2 O 2 , reduced the tissue levels of K + and Ca 2+ , but enhanced the synthesis of osmolytes in a time course manner. Heat stress mainly produced oxidative damage and acted as a dehydrative force, whereas cold stress caused oxidative stress and slowed down the physiological activities. Salinity was the most damaging of all the stresses. The main effects of salinity were the accumulation of Na + and Cl - , reduced tissue contents of Ca 2+ and K + and enhanced synthesis of H 2 O 2 in the developing sugarcane bud. As for histological changes, all the stresses delayed and reduced the formation of new bud leaves and their expansion, which was mainly because of reduction in the number and area of mesophyll cells and poor development of vascular bundles. The pretreatment of bud chips with proline and GB effectively reduced stress effects being more effective under heat stress followed by cold stress and the least under salinity stress. As revealed from the correlation studies, although pretreatment with proline and GB appeared to have no direct role in stress tolerance, main effects were the reduced generation of H 2 O 2 , improvement in the K + and Ca 2+ nutrition and further enhancement in the levels of free proline, GB and soluble sugars under heat and cold stress. Under salt stress, the pretreatment reduced Na + and Cl - , in addition to the observed effects under heat and cold stresses. Histological changes revealed that the pretreatment with osmoprotectants increased the mesophyll cell area leading to expansion in the bud leaves and led the development of elaborated vascular tissues. Of the two, GB was more effective than proline for all stress treatments but for different measured variables. Detailed studies on the molecular and metabolic responses indicated the enhanced expression of Asn, dehydrins, LEA and GAPDH genes, stronger accumulation of proline and alanine followed by glycine, glutamic viiiacid and 5-oxo-proline. Among the sugars, sucrose followed by diethylene glycol, fructose, glucose and glycerol, and nucleic acids, adenosine and uracil, as well as organic acids, aconitate, chlorogenate, ribonate_put, quinate, pipecolate, erythronate, GABA, glucoronate, gluconate, glucarate, glucoranate and octadecanoate showed accumulation at all temperature treatments and time periods. HCA and LVL revealed that out of 108 metabolites, chlorogenate, putrescine, octadecanoate, fructose, proline, glycine, sucrose, quinate, trans-aconitate, guanine, GABA and ethanolamine showed greater accumulation under high temperature. In crux, albeit all stresses deterred the transition of bud from immature to mature state, the salinity was the most damaging. In most cases, improvement produced by proline was greater than GB. Heat stress revealed distinct patterns of gene expression and metabolites synthesis. The correlation data showed that pretreatment with the osmoprotectants improved bud growth under stress regimes; the roles are indirect in improved Ca 2+ and K + nutrition and reduced production of H 2 O 2 . Nevertheless, these findings suggest that in low to moderately hot, cool and saline areas sugarcane bud sprouting can be improved by pretreatment of bud chips with the 20 mM levels of proline and GB and requisite crop stand can be achieved
ادب میں مذہبی شخصیات کی تعریف و ثناء کا سلسلہ اس وقت سے جاری ہے جب سے انسان نے اپنے جذبات و عقیدت کو الفاظ میں بیان کرنا شروع کیا ہے یہ سلسلہ دنیا کے ہر ادب اور خطے میں موجود ہے۔ہر مذیب کو ماننے والے اپنے اپنے انداز میں ان ہستیوں سے اظہار محبت الگ الگ انداز میں کرتے ہیں۔کہیں ان کی شان میں گیت گائے جاتے ہیں اور کہیں قصیدے پڑھے جاتے ہیں۔اظہار کا ذریعہ کوئی بھی ہو،اصل بات اس عقیدت کی ہے جو ان کے من میں ان ہستیوں کے بارے میں ہے۔
ان ہستیوں کی مدح سرائی انتہائی مشکل کام ہے اس لئے کہ اس ہستی کے شایان شان الفاظ کا انتخاب ایسا ہونا چاہیے جس میں آپکی عقیدت کے ساتھ اس ہستی کی ظاہری و باطنی خوبیاں بھی کْھل کر سامنے آ ئیں،تاکہ پڑھنے والے پر اس کا اچھا اثر پڑے اور وہ ان کے نقش قدم پر عمل پیرا ہونے کی کوشش کرے۔مدح سرائی کرتے وقت مدح نگار کو انتہائی احتیاط سے کام لینا پڑتا ہے۔کیونکہ اس میں مبالغہ آمیزی کا خطرہ بہت زیادہ ہوتا ہے۔مگر جو مدح نگار ان ہستیوں کی محبت میں ڈوبا ہوا ہو،وہ یہ کام نہیں کر سکتا۔ایسے مدح نگاروں میں ایک نام خالد جاوید کا بھی ہے۔
خالد جاوید کی عقیدتوں کا سفر ’’خوشبوئے مدینہ‘‘ کی صورت میں شائع ہو کر عاشقان رسولﷺ میں عقیدت و محبت بانٹتا ہوا دیکھائی دیتا ہے نعتیہ مجموعہ کلام میں ہر جگہ آپ کی نبی پاک سے محبت عیاں ہورہی ہے۔نعت کہنا ہر شاعر کے بس کی بات نہیں یہ کام خالد جاوید جیسا عاشق رسول ہی کر سکتا ہے کیونکہ یہ سب نبی پاک کی نظر کرم سے ممکن ہوتا ہے جب آپ کی نعت...
Japan and the land of present Pakistan had cultural linkages since ages. Sindh has remained important part of this land. The Indus civilization had trade links with other countries including Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations. This trend continued afterwards, and trade relations were established between people of Sindh and Japan in the nineteenth century. This interaction led both the countries to have cultural linkages. Presently many Sindhis are residing in Japan who have adopted Japanese culture besides maintaining their own cultural traditions and customs. Sindhi poetry adopted Japanese Haiku and ‘Safarnamas’ were written in Sindhi language grasping the living and traditions, etc. Of Japan. This research paper also discusses that both countries’ people have similar style of sitting together and exchange of opinions and happenings of the day which is traditionally called ‘Katchehry’ in Sindh.
Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Padwick) is a devastating disease of the chickpea crop throughout the world, wherever, chickpea is grown. Soil / environmental factors play an important role for wilt disease development. For successful and economical management characterization of soil and environmental factors conducive for wilt disease development and identification of resistant sources within available germplasm against wilt disease are very important. Three hundred and eighteen genotypes obtained from various sources were evaluated under sick plot conditions against chickpea wilt disease incidence. The experiment was planted in augmented design with single replication, repeated twice during the years of 2010-11 and 2011-12. Natural inoculums was relied upon for infection based upon a disease rating scale and area under disease progressive curve, only three lines/varieties (5006, k021-10 and k035-10) were found to be highly resistant during the both years of investigation. Most of the lines/varieties were moderately resistant to susceptible (21-50% Disease incidence). A significant co-relation of environmental/ soil variables (i.e. maximum and minimum air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall soil max. /min. temperature and soil moisture) with disease incidence was recorded on 40 chickpea lines. Maximum disease development occurred at temperature range of 23-28 . For the management of chickpea wilt disease fungicides and biological control agents were used both in vitro and glass house assay. In-vitro study showed that Carbendazim proved to be best among the fungicides, while among the bio-control agents Pseudomonas fluorescens was more efficient against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. These treatments also proved effective in glass house by lowering the number of chickpea wilted plants.