The development of resistance to conventional anti-typhoid drugs and recent emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance had made it very difficult and expensive to treat typhoid fever. More recently, the appearance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Salmonella typhi is leading to a situation where, in some conditions, the disease may well be untreatable without extremely expensive injectables or combination therapies. As the therapeutic strategies are likely to dwindle, it becomes imperative to look for non- conventional modalities to meet any future possible challenges. Recently medical profession has rediscovered the unique and repertoire of antibacterial properties (acidity, osmolarity, hydrogen peroxide and plant derived non-peroxide activity) of honey. On the basis of these properties, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA and European countries approved manuka honey (New Zealand) and medihoney (Australian) as therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic skin infections and burns. However, its role in systemic infections like typhoid fever is not determined. In addition, striking variation in the potency of antibacterial activity of honey between different floral sources and even within the same floral source does exist. Hence, it is imperative to assay antibacterial activity of honey before consideration for therapeutic use. In Pakistan, there is great diversity in honey varieties because of the richness in bee flora; therefore, it is believed that there are several unrecognized honeys of high therapeutic value in this part of the world. Twenty four blood culture isolates of typhoid salmonellae including MDR-S. typhi (n=16) were investigated for their susceptibility to manuka honey, black seed honey, shain honey and simulated honey. An agar dilution assay was adopted for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 29212) were included as the standard control strains. Additionally, one hundred samples of Pakistani unifloral honey from nineteen common bee flora, produced by bees (Apis mellifera) were collected from different geographical areas of Pakistan. They were screened for both total (acidity, osmolarity, hydrogen peroxide and non-peroxide activity) and plant derived non-peroxide antibacterial activity against one blood culture isolate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. typhi by agar well diffusion assay. Manuka (Unique Manuka Factor-21) honey was used as standard. The total antibacterial activity of these honey samples were standardized in accordance with phenol equivalence % (w/v). Regarding MICs, manuka honey inhibited all clinical isolates of typhoidal salmonellae at concentration median 7.67+1.0% (v/v), black seed honey median 9.0±1.0% (v/v) and shain honey at median 12.0±1.0% (v/v). Simulated honey inhibited these isolates at concentration median 30±0.0% (v/v). Whereas, manuka honey inhibited all ATCC reference strains between the MICs range of 5.0 to 9.0% (v/v), black seed honey at 6.0% to 10.0% (v/v), shain honey at 10 to 14 % (v/v) and simulated honey at 30 to 35% (v/v). This demonstrates that antibacterial effect of natural honey is not linked with high osmolarity alone and there are other factors contributing to antibacterial activity. Screening of antibacterial activity of one hundred unifloral honey samples against blood culture isolate of MDR-S. typhi revealed that nineteen honey samples (19%) displayed higher antibacterial activity (16-20 % of phenol), which is more than that of manuka honey (21-UMF). Thirty percent honey samples demonstrated antibacterial activity between the ranges of 11-15% of phenol, similar to that of manuka honey and about 51% of honey samples did not exhibit any zone of inhibition against MDR-S. typhi at 50% (w/v) dilution. Since manuka honey used in this study is standardized product with 21- UMF and approved by FDA as therapeutic agent. Therefore, those honey samples which displayed antibacterial activity equal to or greater than manuka honey, may be utilized in those clinical conditions, where higher hydrogen per-oxide related antibacterial activity is needed like leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, burns, skin graft donor sites and surgical wounds. These newly identified honeys may add value to the existing honey resource. Keeping in view the tremendous variation in the potency of antibacterial activity of honey, it is essential that research may continue beyond commercially available honey to those, locally produced, as yet untested. However, none of Pakistani honey samples displayed non-peroxide activity. Only manuka honey showed non-peroxide activity when catalase enzyme was added to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide related antibacterial activity at 25% dilution (w/v). Nevertheless, MICs of black seed honey and manuka by agar dilution assay are comparable. The agar dilution assay provides more reliable, reproducible and quantitative results as compared to agar well diffusion assay which is less sensitive and only provides qualitative results. Therefore, both manuka honey and black seed honey warrants further evaluation in suitable typhoid animal model for future prevention and treatment of typhoid fever.
مولانا عبدالقدوس ہاشمی ندوی معاصر امپیکٹ انٹر نیشنل لندن مورخہ ۹؍ مارچ سے یہ افسوسناک خبر ملی کہ ۶؍ جنوری ۸۹ء کو کراچی میں مولانا عبدالقدوس ہاشمی ندوی کا انتقال ہوگیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ ۱۹۱۱ء میں پیدا ہوئے، ان کا آبائی وطن بہار کے ضلع گیا کا ایک گاؤں مخدوم پور ہے جو حضرت مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ کے وطن دیسنہ سے صرف سولہ سترہ میل کے فاصلہ پر واقع ہے۔ ۱۹۲۲ء میں جب وہ گیارہ برس کے تھے تو اپنے والد مولانا اوسط حسین صاحب کے سایہ شفقت سے محروم ہوگئے، اسی سال ان کو مؤ کے مدرسہ عالیہ میں مولانا عبدالرحمن صاحب کے سپرد کردیا گیا جو میاں سید نذیر حسین محدث دہلویؒ کے شاگرد اور ان کے والد کے ہم سبق تھے، مدرسہ عالیہ میں تعلیم مکمل کرنے کے بعد وہ ۲۶ء میں دارلعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں داخل ہوئے اور ۲۹ء میں سند تکمیل حاصل کی۔ بچپن سے نیک اور سعید تھے، مؤ میں جب وہ تعلیم حاصل کررہے تھے تو ان کی عمر ۱۲۔ ۱۳ سال کی تھی، اسی زمانہ میں وہاں تحریک ترک موالات کا ایک جلسہ ہوا اس میں جب ہزاروں کے مجمع میں انھوں نے تقریر کی تو تمام لوگوں نے اسے حیرت و مسرت سے سنا حضرت سید صاحبؒ اس جلسہ کے صدر تھے، انھوں نے بھی حوصلہ افزائی فرماتے ہوئے سر پر ہاتھ رکھ کر دعادی، مولانا ہاشمی عمر بھر اس دست شفقت کی گرمی کو محسوس کرتے اور حضرت سید صاحبؒ کی عنایات و ہدایات سے مستفید ہوتے رہے، ندوہ میں سید صاحبؒ نے ان کے درجہ میں تاریخ اسلام پر کئی لکچر دیے، سید صاحبؒ وفد خلافت کے رکن کی حیثیت سے حجاز گئے، واپس تشریف لائے تو ندوہ کے اساتذہ و طلبہ کی طرف سے ایک استقبالیہ جلسہ ہوا، اس میں مولانا...
There is major influence of quotes of Sahabaa’h and taa’baeen on Islamic Jurisprudence. A plain study of Fiqh presents the role of tab’aeen and their quotes in method of extraction. There quotes not mere only help us in various matters of virtues, but also in family issues and others. As a matter of fact, a major number of fatawas are based on their quotes or practice as well. Moreover, every school of thought in fiqh narrates their sayings in favour of their vision, I.e. Hanfiya, Shafiya and Malkiya used to narrates their quotes and sayings. Family life is base of any nation or civilization. Books of fiqh also discussed numerous issues of family life and their solutions in the light of Shariaah. In this article a view of tab’aeen’s quotes related to family issues will be discussed. It will support in understanding the importance of their quotes in Islamic Jurisprudence and its compilation. Relevant examples of different school of thought will be discussed from their own books respectively
Transition metal catalyzed reactions have had a large impact on the human progress for the last century. Development of new environmentally benign approaches for the synthesis of biologically important molecules in atom and step economical way is highly desirable.Investigating new and more effective transition metal catalyzed strategies for C-C and C-X bond formation is one of the most important aspects of this research area. The prospect for such developments is probed in the context of this doctoral thesis.We investigated rhodium catalyzed Carbon-Carbon and CarbonNitrogen bond forming protocols involving hydrocarbonation and hydroamination of alkyne and allene as well as Pd-PEPPSI mediated cross coupling methodology for the synthesis of heteroaryl amine derivatives. Rhodium catalyzed regio- and enantioselective allylation strategies were inspected utilizing heterocyclic backbones i.e pyridazinones and azlactones for the hydroamination of terminal allenes and hydrocarbonation of internal alkynes respectively. Regio- and enantioselective allylation of pyridazinone by hydroamination of terminal allene utilizing [{Rh(cod)Cl}2] and (S)-2,2’-Bis[bis(3,5diisopropyl-4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphino]-6,6’-dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl catalyst system led to the synthesis of N-allylated diazinone moieties in excellent yield and enantioselectivities. Broad functional group compatibility was observed using a diverse range of functionalized allenes and substituted pyridazinones. Assorted synthetic transformations of the N-allyl pyridazinones led to the preparation of a small library of N-functionalized pyridazinones as valuable intermediates providing proficient access to important pharmaceutical building blocks. Regioselective hydrofunctionalization of easily accessible internal alkynes were utilized for the rhodium catalyzed allylation of azlactone derivatives to synthesize biologically and synthetically important 2-allyl-3-oxazolin-5-ones moieties in highly regioselective manner. Reaction conditions optimizations and ligand screenings for the current reaction led us to explore [{Rh(cod)Cl}2] and DPEphos catalyst system leading to 2allyl-3-oxazolin-5-one in highly regioselective manner. This newly developed protocol provides an example of cascade reaction involving aza-Cope rearrangement which extended further to a triple domino reaction sequence by combining it with in situ generation of azlactone formation from the corresponding N-acylamino acid precursors. Exploring the synthetic utility and scope of the investigated hydrocarbonation methodology led to the de novo synthesis of structurally appealing trisubstituted pyridine with the variety of aryl substituents in controllable fashion. Thus making a perfect cascade type sequence involving azlactone formation/ azlactone-allylation, aza-Cope rearrangement and microwave assisted thermolysis to obtained trisubstituted pyridines. The investigated reaction presents a concise and flexible approach for the regioselective synthesis of allylated azlactone moieties as well as trisubstituted pyridines. Pd-PEPPSI catalyzed cross coupling strategy was investigated for the BuchwaldHartwig amination of azole-based heterocycles moieties. Pd-PEPPSI precatalysts were utilized to cross couple azole derivatives with the diverse range of functionalized anilines and aliphatic amines to synthesized respective heteroaryl/aryl-alkyl amines. A range of structurally intriguing drug-like aromatic amines was synthesized utilizing both electron-deficient and electron-rich anilines, cross coupled with thiazole and oxazole based heteroaryl bromide moieties in excellent yields. Utilization of PdPEPPSI mediated amination protocol permitted an efficient, simple and elegant approach to synthesize a diverse range of thiazole and oxazole amines which could present highly active biological entities as well as may serve as precursors for drug synthesis.