Research was done on two important groups of nematodes plant parasitic nematodes and insect parasitic nematodes (entomopathogenic nematodes). Among plant parasitic nematodes root knot nematodes are the most important. It has a wide host range. Tomatoes are the most seriously affected by Meloidogyne incognita. Different varieties were tested against M. incognita for susceptibility, invasion and development of M. incognita. Moneymaker, Titano, California, Peelo, Nagina, Riogranade and Pakit were highly susceptible while Fonto, Tarnab, Lima, VF-400, PETO-86 and Samrutti were susceptible. Calmart VFN proved resistant. There was a positive relationship between the inoculum level of M. incognita and root weights and inverse relationship with shoot weights. Effect of plant age on plant susceptibility to nematode infection was also studied. Plant extract of neem, onion, garlic, tobacco, aloevera, cloves and chili was investigated for larval mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita. Mortality of nematodes increased with exposure time and extract concentration. Effect of plant extracts on root knot nematodes applied after root knot nematodes and bare dip root treatment was also studied on plant growth parameters plant height, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight and fresh root weight. Among all the plant extracts tested neem proved effective followed by onion and tobacco while chili proved less effective as compared to the other plant extracts.In the second part of thesis, effect of entomopathogenic nematodes S. asiaticum, S. glaseri, H. indica and H. bacteriophora on the development of M. incognita, effect of different inoculum levels, and time of application, live and dead EPN on RKN in addition to the persistence in soil was also studied. Suppression of M. incognita varied with application rate. The high application rates of EPN reduced M. incognita infestation as compared to low rates. Reduction in root knot nematode invasion and development was recorded. Numbers of EPN were reduced in non-sterilized soil. Both dead as well as live entomopathogenic nematodes and their material were responsible for lower invasion by M. incognita in tomato.
مولانا طفیل احمد منگلوری سب سے آخر میں رنج واندوہ کے گہرے جذبات کے ساتھ ہمیں اپنے مخدوم اوربزرگ مولانا سید طفیل احمدصاحب منگلوری کے حادثۂ وفات کاماتم کرنا ہے جو ۳۰؍ مارچ کو پیش آیا، مولانا کی عمر اس وقت تقریباً اسّی ۸۰ برس کی تھی۔ سرسید کے زمانہ میں مدرسۃ العلوم علی گڑھ میں تعلیم پائی تھی۔عربی کی استعداد معمولی تھی لیکن انگریزی اوراردو دونوں زبانوں میں بے تکلف تحریر وتقریر کی قدرت رکھتے تھے ۔مطالعہ نہایت وسیع تھا۔قومی اورسیاسی مسائل میں بڑی بصیرت رکھتے تھے ۔چھوٹے بڑے سینکڑوں مقالات اوررسائل کے علاوہ مرحوم کی ایک عظیم الشان تصنیفی یادگار ’’مسلمانوں کاروشن مستقبل ‘‘ہے۔انگریزی تعلیم یافتہ طبقہ سے تعلق رکھنے کے باوصف صورت وسیرت اوروضع قطع کے اعتبارسے بالکل ٹھیٹ مُلّا معلوم ہوتے تھے۔مزاج میں انتہا درجہ سادگی اورانکساری تھی۔ ساری عمر مسلمانوں کے لیے نہایت ٹھوس اور تعمیری کام کرتے رہے لیکن خودنمائی اور شہرت طلبی کاکہیں آس پاس بھی گزر نہ ہوا تھا۔اخلاق وعادات کے لحاظ سے اسلامی شرافت ونیک نفسی کے پیکر تھے۔ حقیقت یہ ہے کہ اس اخلاق کے بزرگ ہماری نظروں سے بہت کم گزرے ہیں۔ایک زمانہ میں جوازِ سود کے قائل تھے لیکن بعدمیں اس سے رجوع کرکے علمائے حق کے ہی ساتھی ہوگئے تھے ۔ایک عرصہ سے چند درچند امراض کاشکار تھے لیکن اپنے فرائض وواجباتِ زندگی کو ادا کرنے میں آخردم تک جوانوں سے بھی زیادہ باہمت اورمستعدرہے۔ دعاہے کہ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی قبر کو عنبریں کرے اور نعمائے جنت سے بہرہ اندوز فرمائے۔ آمین۔ [مئی ۱۹۴۶ء]
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the top most cause of morality around the world. It is predicted that the number casualties from CVDs will increase to more than 24 million till 2030 people. Medicinal plants provide the major raw materials for medicine preparations. They are gaining high consideration due to their effectiveness and increasing cost of modern medicines. Many successful drugs are plant based, including aspirin from the willow bark, morphine from opium poppy, quinine from the cinchona bark, and digoxin from the foxglove. According to World Health Organization (WTO), ~70% to 80% of people around the world rely on herbal sources for the treatment of their disease. Plant sources are endorsed due to the fact that they contain an optimal amount of antioxidants and phytochemicals that help to avoid and treat many diseases. Phoenix dactylifera L. Particularly Ajwa variety, is the most rich in phytonutrientsthat can benefit to control many cardiovascular diseases. It contains6 vitamins (vitamin A, C, B1, B2, B3 &riboflavin), high amount of fibers, Potassium, Magnesium and 23 amino acids which play a healthy role towards hypertension, muscular contractions, and blood pressure control. It has been studied that Niacin (B3) helps to control cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels (LDL), as high cholesterol is the one of the main cause of cardiovascular diseases so, Ajwa could be a vital regulatory source. According to the findings of Sabbah M. Et al, Ajwa extracts significantly improved the DNA integrity and also reduced the cardiomyocytes congestion, edema and the cellular stress wielded on cardiac muscles resulting the restoration of cardiomyocytes architecture in Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Research done by Alqarni et al, proves that Ajwa extracts has successfully decreased the LDL‐C, VLDL‐C, and triglycerides concentration. Additionally, treatment with ajwa pulp also improved the HDL‐C level and antioxidant enzymes activity. In another invivo study, Ajwa preparation has successfullydecreased the diclofenac-induced pulmonary and hepatic instabilities. Vitamin-K play important role in blood coagulation, and in case of anticoagulant therapy, activity of vitamin-K controlled by drugs (warfarin) that sometimes causes serious side effects. According to the reported data, Salicylic acid is the vitamin-K antagonist and has capability to block the action of vitamin K during the coagulation pathway. Dates contain ~3.75 to 4.50 mg/100 g of salicylic acid. Thus, providing anticoagulation effect too. So, the limelight of the reported data provides an enough reason that plants can be used as primary source of drug designing for the cardiovascular disease. They hold true momentum to address the increasing healthdiseases, which cannot be lost to distraction or apathy. Fight against the burden of CDVs, is affecting all countries and specially, under developing and the poor countries.
Background and Objective A foremost step towards targeted administration of therapeutic agents is the formulation of novel drug delivery systems. Oral route is the most preferred and desired route of administration as a non-invasive mean of transporting drug to a target site. The aim of current research work was to design site-specific hydrogels for target delivery of oxaliplatin, an anticancer agent, used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Six different types of hydrogel formulations were synthesized by different proportions of polymers and monomers. Another objective was to conduct an oral acute toxicity study of drug carrier polymeric systems on rabbits. Methodology A chemical cross-linking technique, free radical polymerization was chosen for preparation of polymeric networks. Six different combinations i.e. CS-co-poly(MAA), CS-co-poly(AA), PEGMA 4000-co-poly(MAA), PEGA 4000-co-poly(AA), PEGMA 8000-co-poly(MAA) and PEGA 8000-co-poly(AA) hydrogels were fabricated and their response to buffer solutions of different pH i.e. pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 was studied. Cross-linking structure of all formulations were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For thermal stability all combination of hydrogels were also subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. In-vitro drug release studies of all formulations were carried out in simulated gastric fluids. Moreover, in-vivo analysis of the best formulations was also conducted after the development of HPLC method. The drug release profile was evaluated by the application of zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, Higuchi model and Korsmayer- Peppas model. Oral acute toxicity study was also conducted for four formulations (CSA, CSMA, PEGA 4000, PEGMA 4000) by oral administration of drug carrier polymeric systems to healthy rabbits. Results All results of characterization confirmed the formation of newly developed polymeric hydrogels. Moreover, hydrogels were selected on the basis of their in-vitro studies and subjected to in-vivo evaluation. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for in-vivo analysis. The study was performed on thirty six xxvii rabbits and liquid-liquid extraction procedure was adopted for isolation of oxaliplatin from plasma samples. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by using a software PK Solver Add Inn program. Toxicity study which was conducted on five groups of rabbits, showed no toxic effects on biological systems of newly fabricated polymeric drug delivery systems. Conclusion From findings of our study it could be concluded that among six different cross-linked polymeric networks, PEGA 8000-co-poly(AA) and CS-co-poly(AA) hydrogels could be considered as superior as it showed better in vitro/in vivo release profiles and thus proven suitable for target delivery of Oxaliplatin to a specific site to treat colorectal cancer. Moreover, toxicity studies revealed that developed formulations were non-toxic to the biological system