The experiments were conducted at The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for two years (winter 2013-2014 and winter 2014-2015). The objectives of the experiments were to screen wheat varieties for salinity tolerance and to evaluate the effect of seed priming in improving salinity tolerance of varieties. In first experiment, the effects of soil salinity and seed priming was evaluated in wheat varieties (Lalma-2013, Shahkar-2013, Pirsabak-2013, Insaf-2015, Barsat-2010, Atta-Habib-2010, Siran-2010, Bathoor-2008, Pirsabak-2008, Seher-2006, Pirsabak-2005, Saleem-2000, Uqab-2000 and Inqilab- 1991) in sand culture as root media. Highest tillers plant-1(4.31), leaves plant-1(15.91), root length (24.12 cm), root fresh weight plant-1 (2.36 g), shoot K+ content (1.35 mg g-1 dry weight), root K+content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll a content (1.57 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (1.01 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot proline content (125.16 μg g-1 fresh weight) and root proline content (64.08 μg g-1 fresh weight) were recorded from variety (Pirsabak-2005). Maximum germination (85.42%), shoot length (35.44 cm), shoot fresh weight plant-1(8.61 g), root K+ content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Ca++ content (0.78 mg g-1 dry weight) and roots Ca++ content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight) was produced from variety (Lalma-2013). Maximum roots dry weight plant-1(0.47g) and shoot dry weight plant-1 (2.08g) was observed in variety Pirsabak-2005. Highest root to shoot ratio (0.24) and shoot chlorophyll b content (1.01 mg g-1 dry weight) was recorded from variety (Insaf-2015). The variety (Uqab-2000) showed maximum days to emergence (9.38), shoot Na+ content (1.31 mg g-1 dry weight), root Na+ content (2.58 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Na+/K+ ratio (1.86) and root Na+/K+ ratio. Seed priming has significantly affected all parameters except days to emergence, shoot Na+ content, root Na+ content, shoot Na+/K+ ratio and root Na+/K+ ratio. The effect of seed priming was significant (P≤0.05) on wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013). In second experiment, the effect of salinity (0, 3, 6 and 9 dSm-1) and seed priming with 50 mM CaCl2 and no seed priming was observed in six wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013, Atta-Habib-2010 and Pirsabak- 2008, Saleem-2000 and Inqilab-1991), two each from tolerant, moderate and sensitive varieties with soil as root media. Maximum leaves plant-1(18.25), shoot length (56.86 cm), roots length (22.59 cm), shoot fresh weight plant-1 (8.54 g), roots fresh weight plant-1 (2.62 g), roots to shoot ratio (0.219), productive tillers plant-1 (3.27), spike length (8.16 cm), grains spike-1(43.19), and hundred grains weight (3.20 g) was recorded from variety (Pirsabak-2005). The variety (Pirsabak-2005) produced highest biological yield (12.46 g plant-1), grain yield (4.57 g plant-1) and harvest index (35.95%). Maximum shoot K+ content (1.23 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Ca++ content (0.76 mg g-1 dry weight), root Ca++ content (0.58 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll a content (1.60 mg g-1 fresh weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (1.03 mg g-1 fresh weight) and shoot proline (118.20 μg g-1 fresh weight) was recorded from variety v (Pirsabak-2005). Wheat variety(Lalma-2013) showed maximum germination (85.21%), tillers plant-1 (4.16), shoot dry weight plant-1 (2.19 g), days to anthesis (113.00), days to maturity (143.75), and root K+ content (0.66 mg g-1 dry weight) Highest shoot Na+ content (1.26 mg g-1 dry weight) was recorded from variety Saleem- 2000. Wheat variety (Inqilab-1991) indicated maximum days to emergence (9.21), shoot Na+/K+ ratio (1.55), root Na+ content (2.55 mg g-1 dry weight) and root Na+/K+ ratio (7.31). The techniques of seed priming has positively affected all above mentioned parameters except days to emergence, shoot Na+ content, root Na+ content, shoot Na+/K+, root Na+/K+ ratio. Wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013) were positively affected with seed priming compared with other varieties. It is concluded that salinity stresses has adversely affected different physiological, biochemical and yield parameters of wheat varieties however, seed priming with CaCl2 has alleviated the adverse effects of salinity in wheat varieties
E-commerce is one way among many that people buy and sell things in retail. Some companies sell products online only, but for many, e-commerce is a distribution channel that’s part of a broader strategy that includes physical stores and other revenue streams. Either way, e-commerce allows startups, small businesses, and large companies to sell their products at scale and reach customers worldwide. The growing scenario of E-commerce shapes a new dynamism in Business and offers no time-bound, cost-efficient, and hassle-free buy and sell. Following changing approach, security management in e-commerce (cyber security) is now the focus. People in Bangladesh are mostly unaware of the risks of using computing and digital devices and online platforms. This article articulated the risk factors associated with the growing reliance on digital technologies and devices. Then, some policy guidelines are prescribed for the national level and individual level, including leading social campaigns, new chapters in the school curriculum, advancing technological aptitudes of law enforcers, strengthening security systems in e-commerce, embanking sites, bringing frauds to justice, initiating law to define cybercrimes, fortifying institutional management of cyber securities
This thesis presents techniques on optical superresolution based on holographic recording. Optical 4f imaging system has been discussed to describe the superresolution techniques. An object transparency placed in the 4f system is illuminated with different plane waves where different spectral parts are allowed to pass through the limiting aperture placed at the Fourier plane of the 4f imaging system. A reference beam is added to the image plane and a CCD is placed to record the object hologram. The recorded holograms are processed using computer in Fourier domain. In this way, different spectral parts are retrieved and joined together to synthesize the super-resolved spectrum, which is inverse Fourier transformed to obtain super- resolved image of the input object. The designing of illumination system is the main part of this thesis. This thesis has presented four techniques of super resolution. In all the four techniques, different illuminators have been described. In the first technique, a planar array of fibers arranged in the form of a matrix, is described where each fiber is used once at a time to illuminate the object with one plane wave. The input object is therefore illuminated with a large number of plane waves from different directions to pass different spectral contents of the object through the optical system. The number of holograms recorded is equal to the number of fibers used to illuminate the object. The post processing of the recorded holograms gives the super resolved image. In the second technique, a simplified illumination array of fibers is used at the expense of object in-plane rotations with angular step of p/2 for each set of fibers. The object is illuminated sequentially by fibers and spectral parts of the objects are recorded in the vi form of holograms. The recorded holograms are processed to obtain super resolved image of the input object. In the third technique, Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is used as illumination source to redirect the higher spatial frequencies of the object spectrum into the pass band. Initially a diverging lens function is assigned to the SLM, which sequentially illuminates the object with large number of beams from different directions. As a result, two types of holograms: with object and without object are recorded at the CCD plane. All these holograms are processed further to obtain the phase and amplitude of object, which constitute the super resolved image. In the fourth technique, the object is illuminated simultaneously with multiple beams produced by SLM. Different object spectral parts simultaneously pass through the pass band. In this technique, the reference beam is eliminated and the image is recorded as a result of mutual interference of illuminating beams. A set of constant phases is also assigned to illuminating beams to retrieve the correlation terms during post processing. The recorded images are processed further to obtain the super resolved image.