نواب علی یاورجنگ بہادر
گزشتہ ماہ دسمبر میں نواب علی یاورجنگ بہادر گورنر بمبئی کا انتقال ہوگیا۔ ۱۹۴۷ء کے بعد حکومت ہند کی طرف سے ان کو بڑے بڑے عہدے ملتے رہے، وہ امریکہ میں ہندوستان کی طرف سے سفیر بناکر بھیجے گئے، مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ کے وائس چانسلر بنائے گئے، بمبئی کی گورنری کے عہدے پر مامور ہوئے اور اسی ریاست کے گورنر کی حیثیت ہی سے عالم بقا کو سدھارے، اور معلوم نہیں کتنے دوسرے اعزاز ان کو حاصل ہوتے رہے، حکومت ہند کے معتمد ترین حکام میں ان کا شمار ہوتا رہا۔
میں نے ان کو کسی بڑے عہدیدار کی حیثیت سے نہ جانا اور نہ پہچانا، بلکہ ان سے نواب عمادالملک کے نواسے کی حیثیت سے ملتا رہا، نواب عماد الملک دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے پہلے صدر تھے، جن کا احسان دارالمصنفین پر بہت بڑا تھا، ان ہی کی مساعی جمیلہ سے علامہ شبلیؒ کی وفات کے بعد ان کا ماہانہ وظیفہ دارالمصنفین کے نام منتقل ہوا، جس سے اس کی تاسیس میں بڑی مدد ملی، وہ دارالمصنفین کے بڑے قدرداں اور سرپرست رہے، جب ان کی وفات ۳؍ جون ۱۹۲۶ء کو ہوئی تو استاذی المحترم مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ نے معارف کے شذرات میں اپنی غیرمعمولی سوگواری کا اظہار کیا، جس میں ان کے اور بہت سے فضائل اور محاسن کے ساتھ مولانا شبلی، دارالمصنفین اور خود ان سے جو تعلقات رہے، اس کا ذکر بہت ہی خوش عقیدگی سے کیا، جس کے کچھ ٹکڑے یہ ہیں:
’’آخر عمر میں مولانا شبلی مرحوم کی تحریک سے انھوں نے قرآن مجید کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ شروع کیا تھا جو سولہ پاروں تک ضعف بصارت و علالت کی وجہ سے رک گیا، اس ترجمہ میں بالکل بائبل کی زبان اختیار کی ہے‘‘۔
’’مولانا شبلی مرحوم سے ان کا تعلق سرسید کے زمانہ...
Islam has borne a deep and lasting impact on all aspects of human life. Inevitably language, which is a crucial factor in the build-up of society, has also been re-vitalized and re-invigorated by Islam. It was Arabia where Islam dawned its early rays, hence it is the Arabic language that got evolved under the revolutionary spirit of Islam. This deep impact has been caused through the two basic sources of Islam i. e. Quran and Hadith. Since our focus is Hadith, hence we shall talk on the impact of Hadith on the Arabic language. Hadith has a lasting influence on the Arabic language, its literature, and the various genres of the Arabic literature. The topmost among these diverse genres that dramatically evolved under the impact of Islam is 'letter writing'. The genre of letter writing has been passing through its evolutionary stages before the Prophet-hood of Muhammad (S. A. W) . Yet the clarity and style that it adopted; the purposefulness that it aspired and opted for; and its utility as an important official correspondence document all happened in the hands of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) . In short, it turned into a regular genre of literature. Letter-writing owes deeply to the life infusing spirit of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) for its lay-out and design, its aim and purpose, and basic features. Our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) left a lasting impact on the letter writing that shall always be a source of inspiration for the faithful.
The objective of this dissertation is to investigate and design adaptive beamforming algorithms in order to improve the performance of wireless cellular technology in spatial domain. For this purpose, blind and non-blind beamforming concepts and related algorithms are investigated; Least Mean square (LMS), Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and others. These algorithms suffer from optimization problems like gain enhancement, interference rejection, high power transmission, bit error rate (BER), minimization of mean square error (MSE) and rate of convergence which undermines their performance in the application of smart antenna array system. In view of these deficiencies, non-blind technique using LMS and MUSIC algorithms is evaluated for selection of parameters for further analysis. A new algorithm namely Bessel Least Mean Square (BLMS) is proposed. Its performance is then evaluated and compared with LMS in order to determine its efficiency in terms of array gain, MSE, BER and convergence performance based on the chosen parameters. Performance improvement is achieved by proposed algorithm over the conventional LMS algorithm. The improvement in BLMS is attributed by introducing a non-uniform step size. This non-uniform step size is obtained from the interaction of Bessel and step size functions. The Bessel function of the first kind has inherent monotonically decreasing property which generates coefficients equal to the number of elements that helps the proposed BLMS algorithm in convergence effectively as compared to LMS algorithm that is based on a constant step size. Further, the analysis of blind technique using CMA and MUSIC algorithms has similarly been investigated for the same selected parameters as above. For blind beamforming, novel algorithms named as Kaiser Constant Modulus Algorithm (KCMA) and Hamming CMA (HAMCMA) using window techniques are proposed and implemented. Their performance is then compared with CMA in terms of array gain, MSE and BER. The KCMA has shown improved performance and this improvement in KCMA is justified in terms of facilitating independent control of the main lobe width and ripple ratio. The HAMCMA, based on fixed type window function has shown better xx iv results in terms of array gain and sidelobe level (SLL) but lacks in BER performance as compared to CMA. The reduction in SLL by these blind beamforming algorithms signifies that using the proposed methods the interferences are very low. Finally, BLMS with Automatic Gain Control (AGC) is proposed by making its step size variable which can update itself from signal array vector. The real model of BLMS is developed and tested for its efficiency in terms of signal recovery, directive gain by minimizing MSE using the “wavrecord” function to bring live audio data in WAV format into the MATLAB workspace and compared with real model of LMS in terms of gain and MSE. From the results presented in the thesis, it is concluded that the proposed algorithms lead to improve in the performance as compared to LMS and CMA algorithms and can be utilized efficiently for further enhancement of wireless cellular technology.