اقبال فارسی پر زیادہ توجہ دیتے تھے۔ اردو کا پہلا مجموعہ کلام بانگ درا ہے جو 1924ء میں سامنے آیا۔ اقبال نے جتنی نظمیں انجمن حمایت اسلام کے جلسوں میں پڑھیں ، لاہور کے مشاعروں میں پڑھیں ان سب کو اکٹھا کیا گیا انہیں بانگ درا میں شامل کیا گیا ہے۔ جو کلام نہیں مل سکا یا جو کلام اقبال سے کاٹ دیا تھا وہ بھی اب متروک کلام اقبال کی شکل میں ہندوستان اور پاکستان میں کسی نہ کسی طرح دستیاب ہے۔ بانگ درا کو تین حصوں میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔ پہلے حصے میں 1901ء سے 1905ء تک کا کلام شامل ہے ۔ دوسرے حصے میں یورپ کے قیام کا کلام 1905ء سے 1908 ء شامل ہے ۔ تیسرا دور 1908ء سے 1924 ء کی شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کے بھی کئی ایڈیشن سامنے آئے ہیں۔ اقبال کی شاہ کار نظمیں تصویر درد، شکوہ، جواب شکوہ ، والدہ مرحومہ کی یاد میں ،شمع اور شاعر ، خضر راو اور طلوع اسلام اس مجموعہ کلام میں شامل ہیں ۔ بانگ درا کا دیبا چہ شیخ عبد القادر بیرسٹر ایٹ لا سابق مدیر "مخزن" نے لکھا۔
Literature, among almost all nations, has always been a source of cultural unity & identity. It’s a deep rooted tree quenching the intellectual and cultural thirstiness. Arabic Language, of course deserves to be called a nourishing language-bringing up- for centuries- the nations came up under Islamic caliphate. Almost all world literature is a molded shape of Arabic key sources. Moreover, Arabic language bestowed to look into latent works of Roman. Thus Arabs are the pioneers of presenting quality works-believing in the utilitarian aspect to the world. This language has benignity to collect the then world literature for the purpose of universal awareness. So much more literary works were translated into Arabic with a view to ponder, to discourse and finally to infer. I have presented in this article a glimpse of how the word literature in its pure Arabic context denoted certain contextual definitions since the origin (pre-Islamic period) till the late 4th century A.H.
Determinants of Trade Credit in Pakistan and the Role of Financial Development and Credit Information Sharing In developing countries, where financial markets and financial institutions are not welldeveloped, the usage of trade credit is high. Pakistan is characterized by a relatively underdeveloped financial system where most of the nonfinancial firms are credit rationed by financial institutions. However, listed manufacturing firms (LMFs) have access to both financial market and financial institutions. The simultaneous use and extension of trade credit by LMFs shows that these firms redistribute credit to their credit constrained customers in Pakistan. The aim of this study is two-fold. First, this study investigates the effects of the financial characteristics of LMFs on trade credit extended and trade credit used by these firms. Second, this study examines the effect of financial development (FD) and credit information sharing (CIS) on the credit redistribution by LMFs in Pakistan. A dynamic panel model (DPM) is estimated by applying the system GMM (one and two-step) estimator to the financial data of 327 manufacturing firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (formerly known as the Karachi Stock Exchange) for the time period between 2005 and 2015. The results of the study reveal that trade credit extended and trade credit used by LMFs are dynamic and are significantly affected by the financial characteristics of these firms. Trade credit extended by firms is positively related to credit received from suppliers and banks. This finding is consistent with the credit redistribution hypothesis. Furthermore, the simultaneous use of both trade credit and short-term bank credit by LMFs shows that these firms follow the optimal capital structure policy. The findings of the study also show that depth of financial institutions (DFIs) and depth of financial market (DFM) are quasi-moderators and have a buffering effect on the credit redistribution by LMFs. While, lending rate enhances the credit redistribution by LMFs in Pakistan. The findings suggest that credit managers should consider the persistence of their trade credit policies and changes in the financial characteristics of their firms while adjusting the trade credit policies. Furthermore, managers of LMFs should revise their trade credit policies in response to improvements in the level of FD and CIS.