Cutting frequency, a critical factor influencing harvested forage yield, nutritive quality of forage and stand persistence, is normally linked with the time of flowering. This represents a significant changeable factor among quantity, quality, and length of the alfalfa crop. Furthermore, these factors are strongly correlated to the environmental situation and agronomic practices. A study was conducted to investigate the seed and forage yield potential of alfalfa under different cutting schedule, seeding rats and sowing methods. During this study one field and one pot experiment was carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during the growing seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13. In field experiment three cutting schedules (28, 35 and 42 day’s interval) along with three seeding rates (10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) and four sowing methods (Broadcasting, 30, 45 and 60 cm apart rows) were evaluated. After the removal of first forage cutting 70 days after sowing (DAS), next alfalfa cutting was done at 28, 35 and 42 days interval for 2nd and 3rd cuts. After taking three forage cuts the alfalfa crop was left for seed production. Results of the field experiment showed that with Plant height, fresh and dry weight of alfalfa increased with longer cutting schedule of 42 days interval (C3), lower seeding rates 10 kg ha-1 and wider row spacing (60 cm). Moreover, number of stems m-2, fresh and dry matter yields ha-1 was higher with longer cutting schedule (42 days interval), higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing. Among quality parameters crude protein (CP), relative feed value (RFV) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) was higher with shorter cutting interval, higher seeding rate and narrow row spacing. However crude fibre (CF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were decreased with shorter cutting interval, higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing. The 28 days cutting interval when last cutting date for seed production (19 February), lower seeding rates and wider row spacing produced significantly higher racemes m-2, number of seeds per pod-1 and higher seed yield ha-1 compared to all other treatment combinations. Similarly higher pods per raceme were produced by last cutting date (19 February), lower seeding rate and wider row spacing. After collecting seed from field experiment, a second experiment was conducted to evaluate the emergence and vigor of alfalfa seed. Result showed that the seed produced from the plots harvested on 19th February with seeding rate of 10 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row, plots harvested on 5th March with seeding rates of 10 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row and the plots harvested on 19 February last forage cut with seeding rate of 15 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row took less time taken to 50% emergence and mean emergence time while higher emergence index (EI), Energy of emergence (EE) and final emergence percentage (FEP) of alfalfa produced seed over other treatments. Similarly, the seed produced from the plots harvested on 19 February with seeding rate of 10 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row significantly produced higher shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight per plant as compared to other treatments. Therefore, using 10 kg ha-1 seeding rate with 60 cm row spacing and left 4th cut for seed production on 19th February proved to be the most economical strategy to achieve maximum forage and seed yields of better quality.
ڈاکٹر خورشید احمد فارق (مختارالدین احمد) دو شنبہ، ۱۸؍ شعبان المعظم ۱۴۲۲ھ مطابق ۵؍ نومبر ۲۰۰۱ء کی صبح کو عربی زبان و ادب کے استاد، تاریخ اسلام کے ماہر اور ممتاز مصنف ڈاکٹر خورشید احمد فارق کوئی ۸۵ سال کی عمر میں طویل علالت کے بعد دہلی میں وفات پاگئے۔ وہ ۱۹۱۶ء میں بریلی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ فارسی و عربی کی متد اول کتابیں انھوں نے گھر پر اپنے والد ماجد سے پڑھیں۔ کالج کی تعلیم انھوں نے بریلی میں حاصل کی۔ ایم۔اے اور پی۔ایچ۔ڈی انھوں نے مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ سے کیا۔ ریسرچ کے دوران وہ شعبہ عربی میں کچھ کلاسیں بھی لیتے رہے۔ ۱۹۴۳ء کے اواخر میں وہ اینگلو عربک کالج دہلی میں لکچرر، ۱۹۵۳ء کے اواخر میں دہلی یونیورسٹی میں ریڈر مقرر ہوئے۔ اکتوبر ۱۹۵۶ء میں حکومت ہند کے ایک وظیفے پر ایک سال کے لیے وہ مصر گئے۔ وہاں دارلکتب المصریہ کے مخطوطات کے مطالعے کا انہیں اچھا موقع ملا۔ ریاض الرحمن خاں صاحب شروانی اور عبدالحلیم ندوی صاحب کو بھی اسی سال یہ وظیفہ ملا تھا۔ قاہرہ میں ان تینوں کا خوب ساتھ رہا۔ فروری ۱۹۶۹ء میں وہ دہلی یونیورسٹی میں پروفیسر اور صدر شعبہ مقرر ہوئے۔ جولائی ۱۹۸۵ء میں وہ متقاعد ہو کر علی گڑھ آگئے اور سر سید نگر میں اپنے تعمیر کردہ مکان ’’بانس کلی‘‘ میں مقیم ہوکر علمی و ادبی کاموں میں مصروف ہوگئے۔ آخر عمر میں وہ اپنے بچوں کے پاس دہلی چلے گئے تھے، وہیں ان کی وفات ہوئی۔ جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ کے قبرستان میں ان کی تدفین عمل میں آئی۔ ڈاکٹر فارق نے اردو، انگریزی اور عربی میں عربی اور تاریخ اسلام کے موضوعات پر متعدد کتابیں لکھیں اور کثرت سے مضامین سپرد قلم کیے جو زیادہ تر رسالہ ’’برہان‘‘ دہلی میں شائع ہوئے۔ ان کی تصانیف حسب ذیل ہیں: قاضی شریح اور دیگر...
Islam has given lot of contemplation for economy and society in which the notion of concurrent cooperation is on top of the list and its basis are brotherliness, compassion and peace. As compared to this, the concept of modern world is mutual cooperation and the practical implementation of it. In the form of mutual cooperation bank, mutual cooperation state and insurance are there in front of us. Although these institutions took their first step and would assist mutual cooperation but with the passage of time this concept got too evanesced. Islamic elements for example usury, gambling and treachery got mixed in the roots of these institutions. Islam dissuades these elements strictly because these elements become the causes for the deterioration of people’s economy and society. On the contrary, Islam wants to establish those institutions which are based on practical mutual cooperation and which are beneficial for both man and society.
Information visualization is a prominent technique to visually explore and analyze large volumes of data effectively. Visualization must be aesthetically appealing and perceptually pleasing to the human cognition. This needs necessitates a framework to predict visualization technique based on two aspects: the underlying dataset and the task to be performed on it. Additionally, the resultant visualization must be optimal in the context of aesthetics and human perception. This dissertation contributes in three perspectives that subsume information visualization aspects: automatic technique selection of a visualization, quantifying and optimizing visualization layout, and visualizing software trace. The study provides computational intelligence (CI) model to predict a visualization technique based on the metadata of original dataset and relevant tasks. Similarly, visualization metrics are formulated to objectively measure the visualization quality. Based on these metrics, an evolutionary algorithm optimizes the visualization layout. Finally, the hierarchical visualization technique is used to study the usage of application programming interface (API) objects in the program trace. The trace is collected using the bytecode instrumentation. This dissertation has three parts. First part aims to predict an appropriate visualization technique for a specific dataset. A customize dataset is built using the knowledge that exists in the contemporary literature on various visualization techniques. The dataset comprise of four metadata attributes, relevant task, and the visualization techniques. The study develops an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict a visualization technique using five input and eight output neurons. Optimal neural network architecture is obtained by evaluating various structures with different network configuration. Several well-known performance metrics, i.e., confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the classification are used to compare various neural network architectures. Additionally, the best ANN Abstract model is compared with five other well-known classifiers: k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), naïve Bayes (NB), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM). Second part provides design of an optimal visualization using visualization quality metrics. Initially, the study focuses on the design parameters which contribute towards the quality of a visualization technique. Visualization metrics are proposed to measure the aesthetic and perceptual characteristics of visualization. They include: effectiveness, expressiveness, readability, and interactivity. An evolutionary algorithm (EA)-based framework to optimize the layout of a visualization technique is also proposed. Treemap visualization technique is used for layout optimization using the EA. These results are evaluated using control experiments and benchmark tasks. The last part uses treemap-based visualization to analyze API objects used in the software, particularly to understand API’s objects during runtime of Java programs. The work consists of two aspects: the extraction of APIs information using bytecode instrumentation, and development of a visualization tool to analyse the traces using treemaps. Initially, a bytecode instrumentation tool is developed to probe and collect runtime information. The extracted information is logged into an extensible markup language (XML) file. The log file is synthesized using treemap. The instrumentation part is evaluated using twenty benchmark and ten real world applications. The results show that the instrumentation tool causes minimal runtime overheads.