Cutting frequency, a critical factor influencing harvested forage yield, nutritive quality of forage and stand persistence, is normally linked with the time of flowering. This represents a significant changeable factor among quantity, quality, and length of the alfalfa crop. Furthermore, these factors are strongly correlated to the environmental situation and agronomic practices. A study was conducted to investigate the seed and forage yield potential of alfalfa under different cutting schedule, seeding rats and sowing methods. During this study one field and one pot experiment was carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during the growing seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13. In field experiment three cutting schedules (28, 35 and 42 day’s interval) along with three seeding rates (10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) and four sowing methods (Broadcasting, 30, 45 and 60 cm apart rows) were evaluated. After the removal of first forage cutting 70 days after sowing (DAS), next alfalfa cutting was done at 28, 35 and 42 days interval for 2nd and 3rd cuts. After taking three forage cuts the alfalfa crop was left for seed production. Results of the field experiment showed that with Plant height, fresh and dry weight of alfalfa increased with longer cutting schedule of 42 days interval (C3), lower seeding rates 10 kg ha-1 and wider row spacing (60 cm). Moreover, number of stems m-2, fresh and dry matter yields ha-1 was higher with longer cutting schedule (42 days interval), higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing. Among quality parameters crude protein (CP), relative feed value (RFV) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) was higher with shorter cutting interval, higher seeding rate and narrow row spacing. However crude fibre (CF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were decreased with shorter cutting interval, higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing. The 28 days cutting interval when last cutting date for seed production (19 February), lower seeding rates and wider row spacing produced significantly higher racemes m-2, number of seeds per pod-1 and higher seed yield ha-1 compared to all other treatment combinations. Similarly higher pods per raceme were produced by last cutting date (19 February), lower seeding rate and wider row spacing. After collecting seed from field experiment, a second experiment was conducted to evaluate the emergence and vigor of alfalfa seed. Result showed that the seed produced from the plots harvested on 19th February with seeding rate of 10 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row, plots harvested on 5th March with seeding rates of 10 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row and the plots harvested on 19 February last forage cut with seeding rate of 15 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row took less time taken to 50% emergence and mean emergence time while higher emergence index (EI), Energy of emergence (EE) and final emergence percentage (FEP) of alfalfa produced seed over other treatments. Similarly, the seed produced from the plots harvested on 19 February with seeding rate of 10 kg ha-1 sown at 60 cm apart row significantly produced higher shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight per plant as compared to other treatments. Therefore, using 10 kg ha-1 seeding rate with 60 cm row spacing and left 4th cut for seed production on 19th February proved to be the most economical strategy to achieve maximum forage and seed yields of better quality.
محمد اجمل خان افسوس ہے کہ محمد اجمل خان صاحب ممبر پارلیمنٹ نے طویل علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، مرحوم پرانے کانگریسی تھے، ان کا وطن الہ آباد تھا، انہوں نے پنڈت جواہر لال کے ساتھ قید و بند کی مصیبتیں جھیلی تھیں، آزادی کے بعد عرصہ تک مولانا ابوالکلام کے سکریٹری رہے، اس زمانہ میں کئی مرتبہ ان سے ملاقات کا اتفاق ہوا، سیاسی ذوق کے ساتھ صاحبِ علم و قلم بھی تھے، عربی سے پوری طرح واقف تھے، ان کا خاص موضوع کلام مجید کی نزولی ترتیب تھا، اسی نقطۂ نظر سے انہوں نے سیرت قرآنی کے نام سے آنحضرتﷺ کی ایک سیرت لکھی تھی، ادب و انشاء کا بڑا ستھرا ذوق رکھتے تھے، غبار خاطر پر انہوں نے جو مقدمہ لکھا ہے وہ مولانا ابوالکلام کے رنگ میں اتنا ڈوبا ہوا ہے کہ یہ امتیاز کرنا مشکل ہے کہ ان کے قلم کا ہے یا خود مولانا ابوالکلام کے قلم کا، وہ اپنے بعض خیالات میں منفرد تھے، لیکن اسلامی حمیت ان میں پوری طرح موجود تھی، بلکہ حالات نے ان کو اور بڑھا دیا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی لغزشوں سے درگذر اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۶۹ء)
This study focuses on the impact of Religious Education in Pakistan at individual and collective levels. The research discusses the educational basis for the study of religion and analyzes the contribution of religious education towards the intellectual growth of individuals. The study raises few questions regarding religious education in Pakistan such as; why has our education system been divided into religious and secular education system. Whether the existing religious education is able to create a linkage between religion and society or not, if not what are the areas which need to be focused. What are the possibilities of sidelining the religious education and what could be its effects. The research focuses on the aims and objectives or religious education in Pakistan by analyzing the nature of curriculums of religious education at various levels. This study highlights the deficiency of the inclusion of the teachings of other religions in our religious education. The research consists of a current survey of the said topic, some findings and conclusions on the issue and few recommendations as well.
This study was conducted to identify the loci and genes responsible to cause congenital neurological inherited diseases in selective Pashtoon families of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. For this purpose, five consanguineous/tribal endogamy families (A-E) suffering from oculocutaneous albinism, usher syndrome, primary microcephaly, and isolated clinical anophthalmia were selected and pedigrees were drawn. Blood samples were collected with informed consent from affected, as well as normal members of these families, and screened for disease associated mutations. These families were analyzed for linkage to all the known loci of oculocutaneous albinism, usher syndrome, primary microcephaly, and isolated clinical anophthalmia, using microsatellite STR markers. Direct sequencing was performed to find out disease associated mutations in the candidate genes. Molecular genetic analysis of family A with oculocutaneous albinism and golden red hair at birth was mapped to MC1R locus on chromosome 16q24.1. A novel mutation c.917G>A of MC1R gene was found to be consisting with OCA2 phenotype in family A. The identification of c.917G>A mutation in Pakistani family and its direct association with OCA2 phenotype is the first demonstration of a mutation of MC1R gene responsible for causing OCA2 phenotype in humans. By genetic linkage analysis, family B with diseased phenotype of Usher syndrome was mapped to USH1F locus on chromosome 10q21.22 (USH1F), which harbors PCDH15 gene. On sequencing of the PCDH15 gene, a novel homozygous c.1304 A>C transversion mutation was identified to be associated with the usher phenotype in the USH1F mapped family. This c.1304 A>C mutation predicts an amino-acid substitution of aspartic acid with an alanine at codon 435 (p.D435A) of PCDH15 protein product.Two families C and D with primary microcephaly were mapped to ASPM gene locus. On mutation screening of ASPM gene by PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing, a common c.3978G>A transition, was identified in exon 17 of ASPM gene to be responsible for diseased phenotype in both the families. The identified mutation results into the substitution of an amino acid residue at position 1326 from tryptophan to a stop codon (i.e., p.Trp1326Stop). The family E with isolated clinical anophthalmia was mapped to SOX2 gene, which is located at chromosome 3q26.3-q27. On exonic and regulatory regions mutation screening of SOX2 gene, no disease-associated mutation was identified. It shows that another gene responsible for the development of eye might be present at chromosome 3q26.3-q27 and need to be identified and screened for disease- associated mutation in this family. It was concluded that the disease phenotypes of families with oculocutaneous albinism, usher syndrome, primary microcephaly, and isolated clinical anophthalmia were mapped by genetic linkage analysis. The candidate genes (MC1R, PCDH15, ASPM and SOX2) in the mapped regions were screened for disease associated mutations by PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing. The novel disease- associated mutations were identified in MC1R and PCDH15. The disease associated mutation identified in ASPM gene was also reported in several other families of Pakistani origin with primary microcephaly. However, no disease associated mutation was identified in SOX2 gene, which indicates that possibly another gene might be present in the mapped region for disease phenotype.