This study is focused on the seismic hazard analysis of Pakistan with special emphasis on the development of input parameters. Initially, comprehensive catalogues of both historically reported and instrumentally recorded earthquakes of Pakistan was prepared using a wide range of data sources. Quality of the instrumental earthquake catalogue was assessed by the magnitude of completeness (Mc) using different methodologies, and Stepp’s methodology was found the most adequate. The attenuation relationships were derived by carrying out multiple regression analysis of the macro-seismic and strong motion data. Predicted values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) from these relationships were found in conformity with the observed values of PGA. However, proposed attenuation models somewhat overestimated PGA values in near field region for larger earthquakes (Mw > 7.0). It may be either due to the site nonlinearity effects resulting from high intensity of ground shaking or owe to the factors like geology of the area, fault type, directivity of the fault rupture and other source parameters. A comparison of PGA values assimilated by using Next Generation Attenuation relationships (NGAs) and newly developed attenuation models with the observed values also showed a close proximity, which demonstrates the robustness and applicability of these relations for a wide range of earthquakes. Seismo-tectonic model considering more than 50 faults and 18 seismic source zones provided a future reference for any seismic hazard studies concerning the study area. Deterministic seismic hazard assessment (DSHA) of federal capital and four provincial capitals revealed that Quetta (PGA = 0.35g, vmax = 45cm/sec) was more susceptible to seismic hazard than other cities as Quetta lies near to Chaman Fault, which demonstrated a maximum magnitude potential value of 8.3. Whereas Lahore, capital of the Punjab province, was found to be the least prone to earthquake hazard. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) of these cities, and on 0.1o x 0.1o grid for 2%, 5% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50, 100 and 250 years in terms of total hazard curves, uniform hazard spectra and seismic hazard maps provided basis for future structural design and analysis. PSHA results also complemented the DSHA results showing Quetta as the most vulnerable to earthquakes. The seismic hazard maps, however, stressed the need to investigate some regions like Quetta and Muzaffarabad- Balakot areas in detail. The design response spectra (DRS) and compatible time histories were also developed for these cities of Pakistan in order to better design and analyze the future and existing structures. Among the methods used for the construction of DRS, the Newmark & Hall method was found the least conservative and International Building Code (IBC) the highest conservative. However, Building Code of Pakistan (BCP) yielded the intermediate values. The spectral acceleration values and PGA values derived from DRS compatible time histories were highest for the Quetta city.
علامہ زبیدی ؒکے بقول قصاص سے مراد "القصاص الاسم منہ وھو ان یفعل بہ مثل فعلہ من قتل او قطع او ضرب اوجرح۔"155 "قصاص اس با ت کا نام ہے کہ اس شخص کے ساتھ وہی کیا جائے جو کچھ اس کے ساتھ کیا ہے جس طرح اس نے قتل کیا ، یا ٹکرے کرنا، یا مارنا یا زخم لگاناوغیرہ۔ " راغب اصفہانی قصاص کا مفہوم ان الفاظ میں بیان کرتے ہیں "القصاص تتبع الالم بالقود ، قال ولکم فی القصاص حیوۃوالجروح قصاص ویقال قص فلان فلانا،وضربہ ضربافاقصہایارناہمنالموت، والقص والجص۔" 156 "قصاص وہ ہے یعنی قاتل کو مقتول کے بدلے قتل کرنا ، قرآن مجید میں ہے کہ تمہارے لیے قصاص میں زندگی ہے اور زخموں میں قصاص ہے اور اسے مار ماری ، پس اس سے قصاص لیا یعنی موت کے قریب کر دیا۔ " علامہ کاسانیؒ کے مطابق قصاص سے مراد "الْقِصَاصِ فإنه وَإِنْ كان عُقُوبَةً مُقَدَّرَةً لَكِنَّهُ يَجِبُ حَقًّا لِلْعَبْدِ حتى يَجْرِيَ فيه الْعَفْوُ وَالصُّلْحُ۔ "157 "قصاص ایسی سزا کو کہتے ہیں جو مقرر ہے لیکن یہ حق العبد کے طور پر واجب ہوتی ہے اور اس میں معاف کرنے اور صلح کی گنجائش ہوتی ہے۔ " ان تعریفوں سے ثابت ہوا کہ قصاص کا مفہوم قتل کے بدلے قاتل کو قتل کرنا ہے اور یہ مقتول کے ورثاء کا حق ہے، چاہے قتل کے بدلے قتل کریں یا دیت قبول کریں یا معاف کردیں ۔
Although Imam Qusṭalānī, in compiling his book "Al-Mawāhib Al-Laduniyat Bil Minḥ Al-Muhammadiyah", has followed the footsteps of Qazi Ayaz’s book Al- Shifā. But many chapters and information are unique to them and he has expanded this book with his additions and made it a treasure trove of information. This book is a beautiful fusion of the traditions of Muhaddithin and Ahl-e-Siyyar. Because he was not only a muhaddith but also a biographer. Were his greatest service in the learning of Hadith is "Irshad Al-Sārī Sharh Saḥiḥ Bukhārī", there his most significant service in Sira is this book. He has used the traditions of both the narrators and the Biographers in compiling it. In this book, the locks of meanings are opened with the keys of Fatḥ Al-Bārī Li Ibn-e-Hajar ‘Asqalānī. In other words, he has benefited a lot from Fatḥ Al-Bārī Sharḥ Bukhari and has gained a lot of confidence. A large number of scholars have used this book, including Shiblī Nu‘mānī, who has made extensive use of it in his Sirat un-Nabiﷺ . Due to its popularity, many of its rates have been written.
The most detailed of these is the Zurqānī rate of Qusṭalānī. The great scholar like Imam Zarqani has commented in eleven volumes of this book, which is proof of its authenticity, noteworthy, and worth reading and treasure. Sheikh Nūruddin Ṭrabulsī gave Sharh and great people like Safiuddin Qasashi, Burhanuddin Ibrahim Maimoni, Shamsuddin Muhammad Shobri Misri and Nooruddin Ali Qari embellished this book with their footnotes. On the one hand, it teaches love and respect for the Holy Prophet ﷺ and on the other hand, it mentions the rights of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the rewards for their payment. The writing style of the book is simple and smooth as well as eloquent and eloquent. The temptation is not so long that the length will be too long for the reader, nor is it so short that access to the concepts and demands will not be possible due to the brevity. The book has been read by the people and it has been adopted by biographers as an authentic and reliable source. Because of its importance and usefulness, an introductory and analytical study of this book will be presented in this article.
Onion is the major vegetable crop not only in Pakistan but also in other countries of the world. The onion bulb yield lies in the lower level than to other more developed areas of the world. Many reasons rose for this less yield. But the most important among all of them is the attack of pest insects and among insects the onion thrips is the notorious one .In the present study the efficacy of the insecticides i-e Dimethoate, Confidor, Lasenta, Proaxis and Spinosad was determined against thrips to in farmer?s field for two adjacent years. The data was collected before and then after the 24h, 72h, and 7 days of the use of insecticides. The analysis of this data revealed that all of the insecticides reduced thrips population. However, maximum reductions (3-1%) per plant in thrips population and increase in onion bulb yield (33.06t/ha) was attained with Dimethoate 40 EC. Whereas lowest onion thrips population and onion bulb yield (23.7 t/ha) was obtained from control plot where no insecticide was used against thrips. Therefore, the insecticide Dimethoate 40EC can be recommended for the control of onion thrips on onion crop.