آغا وفا ابدالی
آغا وفا ابدالی (۱۹۲۹ئ۔۱۹۹۸ئ) کا اصل نام آغا ابو الحیات خان ابدالی تھا۔ آپ پٹنہ (عظیم آباد) کے ایک علمی گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آغا وفا ابدالی نے نواب سراج دین خان سائل دہلوی(جو داغ ؔدہلوی کے داماد تھے) کے آگے زانوئے تلمذ طے کیا۔(۷۶۵) قیام پاکستان سے پہلے آپ کلکتہ سے شائع ہونے والے ہفت روزہ ’’چونچ‘‘ کی مجلسِ ادارت میں شامل تھے۔ آپ ہندوستان میں دہلی کے روزنامہ ’’وحدت‘‘ اور ’’انصاری‘‘ میں بھی فکاہیہ کالم لکھتے رہے۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد آغا وفا ابدالی نے پسرور میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔ آپ روزنامہ ’’روشنی‘‘،’’کراچی‘‘،روزنامہ ’’انجام‘‘ کراچی ’’نوائے وقت ‘‘،لاہور ،’’کوہستان ‘‘،لاہور اور ’’سفینہ‘‘ لاہور سے بھی منسلک ہوئے اور ان میں کالم لکھتے رہے۔آپ نے پسرور سے شائع ہونے والے ہفت روزہ ’’نوائے پسرور ‘ ‘ کی بھی ادارت سنبھالی ۔(۷۶۶)
’’غبار دل‘‘ آغا وفا کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ہے جس کی پہلی اشاعت ۱۹۹۳ء میں پرفیکٹا پبلشرز لاہورسے ہوئی۔ اس میں قطعات کی تعداد ۲۵۲ ،۳ غزلیں اور ۴ نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ ’’شرار دل‘‘ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ جسے ادبی سبھا پسرور نے ۱۹۹۴ء کو شائع کیا۔ اس میں قطعات کی تعداد ۱۷۲ ،۲ نظمیں اور ۱۲ غزلیں شامل ہیں۔ ’’بہار دل‘‘ آغا وفا کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے جسے ادبی سبھا پسرور نے ۱۹۹۸ء میں شائع کیا۔ اس میں ۳۲ قطعات ،۹ غزلیں اور ۲۷ متفرق اشعار شامل ہیں۔
آغا وفا ابدالی بیسویں صدی کا ایک ایسا شاعر ہے جس کی شاعری پاکستان کی آپ بیتی معلوم ہوتی ہے۔ آغا وفا طنز و مزاح کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنے عہد کی بربادی پر خون کے آنسو بہاتا ہوا دکھائی دیتاہے۔ ان کی شاعری کا غالب حصہ قطعات پر مشتمل ہے۔
ہندوستان میں عہد غلامی کی دہکتی داستاں آغا وفا ابدالی کے سامنے تھی ۔جس کے سامنے بھیانک مناظر کو آغا وفا...
This research shows the value of tolerance in Islam, which is the basis of the ethics of the religion of Islam. This great value has created the bonds of love and harmony between Muslims and all human beings. This was the main reason for spreading the message of Islam to various parts of the world without coercion. There have been many attempts to accuse Islam of intolerance, terrorism and intimidation. Hence, this research is concerned with showing the truth about the ethics of Islam and its noble high values. To achieve the desired goal, the research was divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction addressed the importance of the topic and the reason for its selection. In the preface, the meaning of the word "tolerance" was shown and compared with the Quranic words used in this topic. In the first chapter, the researcher deals with the value of tolerance is the origin of Islam. It characterized the Prophet Muhammad (prayer and peace be upon him). The second chapter says tolerance is the cause of the spread of Islam, and the voluntary entry of people into it. The third chapter shows that tolerance is the root of solving problems and resolving all forms of conflict between nations, individuals, parties and groups. The researcher in conclusion suggests the most important findings and recommendations.
Exhaust emission control, especially in case of diesel engines, is a challenging re search problem as the emission regulating authorities place stringent protocols against emissions. The air management system of a diesel engine, that is fit ted with Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) actuators, is among the sub-systems, whose effective control ensures that emissions are kept to minimum. Both EGR and VGT sub-systems are located in the engine exhaust channel, hence, they are strongly coupled and exposed to high temperatures, un-burnt hydrocarbons and lubricants and thus prone to faults/cho king. One way to increase tolerance against faults is to have redundancy. Diesel engines do not have high number of identical actuators to preserve satisfactory operation, but, still have prospects for enhancing the reliability of these control loops by constructing algorithms, that are capable of performing online detection, diagnosis, estimation and compensation of faults. This research investigates the possible options for development of Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) schemes for coordinated control of air management system actuators of diesel engine. The dynamic nature of a control system and real time environment of Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) and controller re-configuration requires FTC system to be capable of detecting, identifying and accommodating the faults as swiftly as pos sible. To meet the purpose, unified and systematic design techniques need to be developed to guarantee swift integration of FDI and FTC schemes, such that, the faults are handled in an early design phase by extending the control system with additional modules, i.e., FDI module. The model used in this research is a fully validated industrial scale Mean Value Model of a diesel engine that is equipped with VGT and EGR actuators. It has eight states and three control inputs. Two types of approaches i.e., passive FTC and unified FDI and FTC with further two algorithms of each have been proposed based on the sliding mode framework. The simulation results have shown that the proposed controllers can comfortably meet strict emission regulations even in the event of system faults. Specially fault de tection, estimation and compensation capability of unified approaches give them an edge over passive schemes.