In Pakistan, Livestock is considered as a social security for poor villager as it can be a source of cash at the time of need. Degnala disease reduces the production of these animals directly. Along with other side issues related to Degnala disease, this study was done to diagnose the actual cause of Degnala disease by applying different latest scientific techniques. Prevalence along with risk factors was calculated in the rice growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Fungal isolation (n=40) was performed from the rice straw feedings of the Degnala disease affected animals through the technique of spot culture on SDA. Then these fungal isolates were identified through comparing their microscopic and macroscopic characters. Then toxigenic potential was checked for all these isolates through the application of TLC and HPLC. After that, from those isolates which were positive for mycotoxin production potential, most cytotoxic isolate was checked with the application of MTT assay. Then the most cytotoxic isolate was inoculated on non-contaminated rice straw and fed to the experimental animals to see a similarity of natural cases of Degnala disease. Finally treatment was conducted to see a proper combination of various drugs against this disease. Toxigenic potential of different candidate fungi, isolated from rice straw feeding of Degnala disease affected bovines was analysed along with Species, age, gender and season wise prevalence. Out of 1536, 104 (6.77%) cases showed positive signs for this disease with a significant association (p<0.05) between rice straw feeding in buffaloes, winter season and bovines having an age of more than one year. Complete Blood Count showed marked increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and all white blood cells numbers, except lymphocytes in positive cases. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate amino transferase and Alkaline phosphatase noticed in Liver Function Test. At the same time, increased value of Creatinine was noticed in Renal Function Test. For isolation and screening of toxigenic fungi, rice straw samples (n=40) being fed to the positive cases were processed further, out of which there were 85 fungal isolates mainly of Aspergillus (57), Penicillium (10), Fusarium (04), Zygomycetes (03), Curvularia (01) and unidentified (10). All isolated fungi were subjected for mycotoxin production and only 11 showed mycotoxin producing capability (including Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium isolates) analysed by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantified through High Performance Liquid Chromatography. It is concluded that all the fungi, contaminating rice straw feeding of Degnala affected animals are not toxigenic. This work will help in establishing major mycotoxin producing fungi leading to the probable cause of Degnala disease in bovine. With the help of MTT assay on vero cell line, most cytotoxic fungus was identified. After an incubation with vero cells, OD values of all the candidate fungi were compared through one way ANOVA. Results of this analysis showed that Fusarium was at the highest ranking and then was the A. flavus with a significant value of 0.006 and 0.039. Finally it was concluded through these systematic steps of converging the diagnosis that, out of all the 85 suspected fungi, Fusarium (isolate number S 8.1) was the most cytotoxic isolate obtained from the rice straw feedings of Degnala affected animals in our study. For molecular diagnosis of the most cytotoxic isolate of Fusarium, PCR was conducted and the results showed that ultimately the final PCR product was successfully amplified against the mentioned primer of ITS conserved region for Fusarium genera and the DNA product was with a length of 570 base pairs. Experimental feeding trials were conducted by inoculating Fusarium (the most cytotoxic isolate) and A. flavus (second most cytotoxic one after Fusarium) separately and in combination compared with the negative control group, all groups were of eight animals each. It was concluded that alone Fusarium was able to produce Degnala disease, while its combination with A. flavus was more lethal. Ultimately the treatment trials proceeded with penta-sulphate, oxytetracycline and antiseptic topical application as therapeutic treatment were shown to be very effective against Degnala cases. While in all the affected animals feeding of affected rice straw was ceased. Only withdrawal of affected rice straw from the feedings of Degnala affected animals was not effective unless proper treatment as mentioned here was not conducted. Analysed. The expected results of the study shall be helpful to make exact diagnosis and treatment of infected buffaloes and cattle that is further helpful for timely prophylaxis and control of the Degnala disease in the rice growing areas of Pakistan and South Asia.
Allah has promised to protect Islam. That is why Allah created scholars and Sufis in different periods that served Islam and preached Islam. The preaching and propagation of Islam in India is due to these Sufis. They left their territories and came to India. One of these scholars and Sufis is Maulana Muhammad Shoaib Tordheri, known as Shaikh Sahib. He was the Shaikh of Moulana Abdul Ghafoor (Swat Babaji), that is the most famous Sufi in Swat Khyber Pakhtonkhwa and Shaikh of the Moulana Abdul Rahim Saharan Puri. Moulana Muhammad Shoaib was not a scholar and sufi, he was also a mujahid. He was martyred while fighting against the Sikhs in 1823 A.D. He wrote a book about Sufism. In his book he wrote about seeratul Nabi and companion of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. After that he discussed circumstances and sayings of Sufis of the all four series (Naqshbandia, Qadria, Cheshtia and Saharwardia) of Sufism. He also described the attributes of the perfect Peer.
This research work describes the synthesis and characterizationof some novel thiazolopyrimidine,pyrazole, stilbene-triazine derivatives and that of a tropane auxiliary. The in vitro and in silico studiesof synthesized compounds were also carried out. § Synthesis of thiazolopyrimidine derivatives (56-67) was carried out by one-pot multicomponent acid-catalyzed reaction of ethylacetoacetate and 2-aminothiazole and benzaldehyde substituted with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups with the aim to find some more potent antidiabetic and antibacterial drugs. An in vitro antidiabetic effect was evaluated in adult male BALB/c mice and antibacterial activities were tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Some of the tested compounds proved to possess good to excellent activities compared to the reference drugs. An in silico molecular docking was also performed on synthesized compounds. The current study is expected to provide useful insights into the designof antidiabetic and antibacterial drugs and understanding the mechanism by which such drugs interact with RNA and diabetes target and exert their biochemical action. § A series of phenylhydrazono-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one derivatives (68-91)were conveniently synthesizedby the reaction of different anilines with ethylacetoacetate or acetylacetonefollowed by treatment with phenyl hydrazine. § Synthesis of pyrazole carboxamide derivatives (92-101) was carried out by multistep pathway starting from the reaction of substituted anilines and diethylmalonate. The resulting intermediate was then treated with benzaldehyde to afford ethyl 3-phenyl-2-(phenylcarbamoyl)acrylate which was converted to pyrazole derivatives by reacting with hydrazine hydrate.In vitro antidiabetic studies showed thatsome compounds possess better activities than the reference drugs and thederivative (94) having 2,4-dichloro substituents on phenyl ring was found to be most potent compound and was identified as the lead molecule for furtherstructural modifications. § A series of new optical brighteners (102-113)were efficiently synthesized by a facile three-step approach. 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine was treated with different anilines and the resulting dichlorotriazinyl intermediates were further condensed with 4,4´-diaminostilbene-2,2´-disulfonic acid followed by nucleophilic substitution with ethanolamine to furnish new hybrid brighteners. UV/Visible absorptions were determined using freshly-prepared solutions in deionized water. The synthesized optical brighteners were also assessed for their efficacy as fluorescent brightening agents. § Synthesis of new thiourea-based bis-monochlorotriazine optical brighteners (114-125)was effected out by multistep synthetic pathway in good yields. § An efficient synthesis of some thioureas (126-145) was also accomplished.Substituted benzoyl chlorides were reacted with potassium thiocyanate to give the corresponding isothiocyantes intermediates, which on addition of separately-synthesized amino-2,4,6-triphenylpyridine, afforded thiourea derivatives in good yields. § In order to synthesize the enantio-pure α-alkylated aldehydes (which are widely recognized as important building blocks in asymmetric induction) from tropane-derived enamine, a highly efficient asymmetric multistep synthesis of a tropane auxiliary (153)was developed. § All the synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their physiochemical parameters and spectral data.