Water and nitrogen (N) are the most important limiting inputs of maize (Zea mays L.) production in semi-arid environment. Irrigation regimes, N application timing and rate significantly influence maize growth and yield. To study effects of the nutrients in semiarid environment, two experiments were conducted. The crop was sown on August 1, 2009 and August 2, 2010 at the Agronomic Farm of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The Cropping System Model (CSM) CERES-Maize was used to predict crop growth and yield under semi-arid environment. In Experiment-I, effects of times of N application were studied with five N levels (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1). In Experiment-II, effects of three irrigation regimes (normal, water deficit at vegetative and water deficit at reproductive stage) were studied with the five N levels. The times and rates of N significantly affected grain yield and the yield components. Effect of N was linear, quadratic and cubic. Results revealed that application of N at the rate of 250 kg ha-1 in three splits (at 2 leaves, 16 leaves and silking stages) produced the highest grain yield (8.38 t ha-1). At these levels maximum values of leaf area index (LAI), photosynthesis and all others yield components were achieved. In contrary, crop growth rate and biological yield increased up to 300 kg N ha-1. However, the biological yield at 300 kg N ha-1 was statistically similar with 250 kg N ha-1. The crop was more sensitive to water deficit at reproductive stage than at vegetative stage. Water deficit at vegetative stage reduced grain yield 14% while of grain yield was decreased 22% when crop faced water deficit at reproductive stage. The CSM-CERES-Maize application predicted crop growth and yield well. So, the model can be used as a research tool in semi-arid zone of Pakistan. The model predicted phenology of crop well with less MPD and RMSE. The model predicted grain yield very closely to that observed; RMSE ranged from 656 to 1586 kg ha-1 among all treatments. In nutrient stress treatments, time course simulations of the model for LAI were satisfactory in both experiments. Prediction of the model was excellent in treatments which had adequate nutrients supply. The value of d-statistics ranged from 0.56 to 0.99 for LAI. The model predicted TDM very close to the observed values having low RMSE with 0.97 to 0.99 d-statistics. The application of 250 kg N ha-1 in three splits i.e., 1/3rd N at V2, 1/3rd N at V16, and 1/3rd N at R1 stages with supplemental irrigation of 530 mm ha-1 is the best management practice for semi-arid environment.
مسجد حسین کے باہر دالان میں بڑی تعداد میں ریستوران موجود ہیں جہاں کھلی فضا میں سیکڑوں میز اور کرسیاں لگیں تھی ۔چند مصری نوجوان گٹار بجا رہے تھے باقی لوگ محظوظ ہو رہے تھے۔نماز کے وقت موسیقی بند تھی ۔دکتور محمود نے کہا یہ ذہنی ہم آہنگی مصری قوم کا خاصہ ہے وہ ایک دوسرے کو بہ زور نہیں روکتے ۔مذہب اور محبت ہم مصریوں کی گھٹی میں ہے مگر ہم اس کے ذریعے ایک دوسرے کوجنت یا جہنم رسید نہیں کرتے ۔ہم جیو اور جینے دو کے اصولوں پر زندگی گزارتے ہیں ۔محمود کی گفتگو میرے دل میں ترازو ہو رہی تھی ۔میری فکر جیو اور جینے دو کے آفاقی اصول کو پاکستانی معاشرے میں ٹٹول رہی تھی ،مگر میری یہ تلاش بے سود تھی ۔مذہبی دھڑے بندیوں ،قوم پرستی ،لسانی تفاوت ،علاقائی بغض اوپر سے حکمران طبقے کی اس ملک اور عوام کے ساتھ چیرہ دستیوں نے پاکستانی معاشرے سے ان دونوں اصولوں کو ناپید کر دیا ہے ۔ مسافر اس سماجی اور مذہبی تخریب پر اپنی سوچوں میں غلطاں تھا جو نائن الیون کے بعد پاکستانی سماج میں انتہا کو پہنچی کہ اس دوران چہل قدمی کرتے کرتے ہم مسجد حسین سے اچھا خاصا فاصلہ طے کر چکے تھے اچانک دکتور محمود نے کہا کہ ہم خان الخلیلی بازار میں کھڑے ہیں ۔فکری پرواز سے زمینی حقائق کی طرف پلٹے تو اپنے آپ کو ایک تنگ مگر مصروف بازار میں پایا ۔چودھویں صدی کے اواخر میں ترک عثمانی دور میں بننے والے اس بازار کا پرانا نام ’’ترکی بازار تھا ‘‘جو بعد میں خان الخلیل کے نام سے مشہور ہوگیا ۔مجھے اس بازار میں لاہور کی انار کلی اور بنکاک کی نانا سٹریٹ کی شبیہ نظر آئی جہاں ہجوم کی حالت یہ تھی کہ ’’نظر چرا کے...
This article highlights the Islamic and the prophetic teachings regarding the promotion of peace. The human progress is directly associated with peace. The so-called peacemakers of the world have failed in their insincere and incompetent quest for peacekeeping, rather, they they have contributed to deteriorate peace furhter. Islām and its prophet (ﷺ) present the impeccable and practical methods and methodology to establish and maintain peace in society. We find that in all his roles and status, the prophet (ﷺ) of Islām is a symbol and model of peace. The very words of Islām and Muslim are the titles, enogh to indicate the approach of Islām towards peace. The author of this paper draws the attention of the readers that in its beliefs, ethical teachigs, laws, and rituals of worship, the sole aim of the Islām is to enhance and promote peace at the individual, as well as, the collective level. The scope of peace in Islām is not confined to the Muslims only, it includes the nonMuslim, too. Further, it encompasses animals and vegetation in its fold of peace. This is what the world needs to focus on and admit; and the media needs to highlight and promote, so that, the real image of Islām may come to fore and the false propaganda against it die away.
Cancer is the second most lethal disease all over the world after cardiovascular disorders. Many conventional cancer therapies have so far been used for curing various types of cancer but keeping in view their so many side effects, attention has been focused to some alternative drugs at nano-scale level. The main reason of using phyto-fabricated nano-silver particles was its large surface area. Biogenic nanoparticles are gaining importance due to ecofriendly behavior. The main objective of current study was “Evaluation of Nano-silver Derivatives of Selected Botanical Sources for their Anticancer Potential”. In present study, eleven traditionally used medicinal plants (Curcuma longa, Euclayptus camaldulensis, Ziziphus nummularia, Psidium guajava, Momordica charantia, Syzgium cumini, Viola betonicifolia, Mangifera indica, Fagonia indica, Azadiarachata indica and Cassia absus) were collected by various zones of South and North Punjab (Pakistan). Their aqueous extracts were prepared by using leaves of above-mentioned plants to evaluate bio-active (anti-cancer) potential. The most effective plants were subjected to prepare biogenic silver nanoparticles. At first comparative study of simple plant extracts and phytofabricated silver nanoparticles was carried out for different biological activities; anti-oxidant (2,2, -di-phenylpicrylhydrazyl), anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hemolytic activity and phytochemical studies; total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). Furthermore, anti-cancer activity of five plants (Curcuma longa, Momordica charantia, Viola betonicifolia, Fagonia indica and Azadiarachata indica) was evaluated through in vitro MTT assay, whereby silver nanoparticles of C. longa exhibited lowest IC50 value (0.0045mg/ml) and hence was evaluated against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and Ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780). ANOVA (mean ± S.D), Minitab software version 16 and Graph Pad prism were used to figure out significant difference between simple plant extracts and their phytofabricated nano-particles.