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Simulating Water and Nitrogen Requirements of Maize Zea Mays L. at Different Growth Stages

Thesis Info

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Author

Hammad, Hafiz Mohkum

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1983

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727171556

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Water and nitrogen (N) are the most important limiting inputs of maize (Zea mays L.) production in semi-arid environment. Irrigation regimes, N application timing and rate significantly influence maize growth and yield. To study effects of the nutrients in semiarid environment, two experiments were conducted. The crop was sown on August 1, 2009 and August 2, 2010 at the Agronomic Farm of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The Cropping System Model (CSM) CERES-Maize was used to predict crop growth and yield under semi-arid environment. In Experiment-I, effects of times of N application were studied with five N levels (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1). In Experiment-II, effects of three irrigation regimes (normal, water deficit at vegetative and water deficit at reproductive stage) were studied with the five N levels. The times and rates of N significantly affected grain yield and the yield components. Effect of N was linear, quadratic and cubic. Results revealed that application of N at the rate of 250 kg ha-1 in three splits (at 2 leaves, 16 leaves and silking stages) produced the highest grain yield (8.38 t ha-1). At these levels maximum values of leaf area index (LAI), photosynthesis and all others yield components were achieved. In contrary, crop growth rate and biological yield increased up to 300 kg N ha-1. However, the biological yield at 300 kg N ha-1 was statistically similar with 250 kg N ha-1. The crop was more sensitive to water deficit at reproductive stage than at vegetative stage. Water deficit at vegetative stage reduced grain yield 14% while of grain yield was decreased 22% when crop faced water deficit at reproductive stage. The CSM-CERES-Maize application predicted crop growth and yield well. So, the model can be used as a research tool in semi-arid zone of Pakistan. The model predicted phenology of crop well with less MPD and RMSE. The model predicted grain yield very closely to that observed; RMSE ranged from 656 to 1586 kg ha-1 among all treatments. In nutrient stress treatments, time course simulations of the model for LAI were satisfactory in both experiments. Prediction of the model was excellent in treatments which had adequate nutrients supply. The value of d-statistics ranged from 0.56 to 0.99 for LAI. The model predicted TDM very close to the observed values having low RMSE with 0.97 to 0.99 d-statistics. The application of 250 kg N ha-1 in three splits i.e., 1/3rd N at V2, 1/3rd N at V16, and 1/3rd N at R1 stages with supplemental irrigation of 530 mm ha-1 is the best management practice for semi-arid environment.
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عشق کے نہ مسئلوں پہ بات کیجیے

عشق کے نہ مسئلوں پہ بات کیجیے
آپ مجھ سے فلسفوں پہ بات کیجیے

واسطہ نہیں ہے اپنا نیند سے کوئی
ہو سکے تو رتجگوں پہ بات کیجیے

نام دوستوں کا بھی آئے گا چھوڑیے
چھوڑیے! نہ دشمنوں پہ بات کیجیے

ہر خوشی ہے عارضی سو اس لیے جناب
درد ہی کے سلسلوں پہ بات کیجیے

رہ کی مشکلوں سے ہمیں مت ڈرائیے
آپ سیدھا منزلوں پہ بات کیجیے

Fazle Haq Khayrabadi: An Extraordinary Personality

This is an account of the life and works of Fazle Haq Khayrabadi, a great but forgotten Indian Muslim religious scholar and thinker of the 19th century is presented. Coming from a family of great distinction, Fazle Haq Khayrabadi was an author, poet and philosopher who expressed himself in Arabic, Persian and Urdu. Especially relevant is the dedication and fervor with which Khayrabadi participated in all stages of the First Indian War of Independence of 1857 [also termed the Great Mutiny], for which he was exiled to the Andaman Islands by the British rulers of India, where he died in 1862. The remarkable personality of Fazle Haq Khayrabadi [17871862] has been forgotten by an ungrateful nation that does not honour its heroes but instead buries them under the debris of history. A great scholar, familiar with the diverse disciplines in the Islamic sciences, and the Imam of the Khayrabadi school of logic and philosophy, he, also a son the great Fazle Imam Khayrabadi, distinguished himself early for his intellectual prowess and strength of genius. Amazingly, such a scholar, devoted to academics, was also a fighter and participant in the War of Independence of 1857, and a member of the revolutionary council that directed its strategy. For this, he suffered imprisonment at the hands of the vengeful British, who sentenced him to hard labour in the distant Andaman Islands – where he died ‘across the black water’.

Design Modification and Performance Evaluation of Small Scale Sugarcane Striping Machine

Sugarcane leaf stripping is an important part of sugarcane harvesting. Conventionally dry leaves are removed by burning method which deteriorate qualityand reduces sugar contents. In developed countries, sugarcane whole stalk harvester or sugarcane chopper harvester is used for harvesting purpose. Farmers in Pakistanhave small land holdings and poor economic conditions which make difficult for them to use modern large scale machinery hence they harvest the crop manually. Labour availability during peak season is also a big issue. Keeping in view these problems a small scale sugarcane leaf stripping machine was designed, fabricated and evaluated for its performance to facilitate and solve the problem of small farmers. The machine included three different types of intake roller combinations, cleaning element, outlet rollers, power transmission system and an engine as power source. The machine was evaluated in its performance for three inlet roller combination types (C1, C2, C3), three relative velocities between intake rollers (VR1=1.3, VR2=1.7, VR3=1.9), three velocities of cleaning element (CE1=660, CE2=763, CE3=1033 rpm), three sugarcane verities (V1=US-658, V2=HSF-240 and V3=CPF-249) and two level of moisture content ( MC1=8.2 and MC2=17.6%). The results indicated that for individual effect ofintake roller combination C3, velocity ratio VR2, cleaning element speed CE3, sugarcane variety V1 and moisture content level MC1 gave 82.43%, 80%,77.06%,87.72% and 82.84% leaf cleaning efficiency respectively.