A field study was conducted to simulate salt buildup and corn (Zea maize) response under different irrigation management practices using SALTMED model. The experiment was carried out at Water Management Research Station, University of Agriculture, Jhang Road Faisalabad. Crop responses and salt variations were investigated under three treatments; firstly irrigation system (bed-furrow irrigation and drip irrigation systems), secondly water quality (good, marginal and poor quality waters), and thirdly irrigation frequency/interval (2, 4 and 6 days). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) arrangement with three replications of all levels of different treatments in the experiment. SALTMED model was used to estimate soil moisture profile, soil salinity profile and yield comparison for corn (Zea maize). Calibration and validation of SALTMED model was also carried out using field data of different irrigation water qualities and frequencies under drip and bed-furrow irrigation systems. Field observations suggest that plant height, dry matter weight, grain yield and harvest index were all quadratically related with irrigation frequency since the variables performed better in 2 and 6 day frequency plots compared with those of 4-day plots. This is, perhaps, due to the fact that soil solution remains in dilute form in 2-day as against 4-day frequency plots, whereas in 6-day plots, the applied water leached salts out of root zone. Good quality water improved plant dry matter weight by 11.7% and grain yield by 7%. Salinity build up was again a quadratic function of irrigation frequency where the salt level was again maximum in 4-day irrigation frequency plots with 10.3 and 17.5% higher EC values compared with those of 2 and 6-day frequency plots respectively. This partly explains the poor crop responses in the 4-day frequency plots discussed above. As a matter of fact the total quantity of salts is obviously same under all the three frequency plots but the distribution of salts in the soil profile varies. Crop parameters registered better performance for bed-furrow irrigated plots compared with drip irrigated ones in respect of plant height (1.0%), dry matter weight (5.8%) and corn yield (21.9%). The reason being the drift of salts away from the root zone of the plants explains the healthy plants in the bed-furrow xivirrigated plots. However the bed-furrow irrigation cannot be preferred as it consumes more water for crop maturity. SALTMED model version 2013 was calibrated for dry matter weight, grain yield, soil moisture and soil salinity under 2-day frequency and poor quality irrigation water. All the required meteorological data were acquired from University Weather Station, Irrigation File for the model was prepared using data from the field experiments, plant parameters required by the model either measured or acquired from other sources, crop coefficients (K c , K cb , fc) and other data like matric and osmotic potentials were generated using the model. After successful calibrations of model, it was validated for other sets of treatments. For validation, one of the treatments (good quality water with 2-day irrigation frequency) was discussed and the model results for other treatments are appended. The model has successfully handled different hydro-dynamic processes acting simultaneously in soil and its performance to predict total dry matter weight, grain yield, soil moisture and soil salinity profiles under different soil types, climatic conditions and irrigation management practices was acceptable. The percentage relative error calculated for observed and simulated corn yield was about 3.69%. Both Percent relative error and Pearson values were calculated and found strongly supporting the validity of model.
مولانا عاشق حسین سیماب اکبر آبادی افسوس ہے پچھلے دودن کے ہی آگے پیچھے سے اردو کی بساط شعروادب کے دوپرانے اورنامور مہرے اٹھ گئے۔مولانا عاشق حسین سیماب اکبر آبادی اور مولانا احسان اﷲ خاں تاجورؔ نجیب آبادی آج کل کے عام شاعروں کی طرح شاعر یاادیب ہی نہیں تھے بلکہ صاحب فن استاذ،علم عروض ومعانی وبیان اور لغت و قواعد لسان کے بڑے مبصر اورناقد بھی تھے۔مولانا سیماب۱۸۸۰ء میں آگرہ میں پیداہوئے اورجنوری۱۹۵۱ء میں کراچی میں انتقال کرگئے شاعری اٹھارہ انیس برس کی عمر سے ہی شروع کردی تھی اس طرح گویا مرحوم نے پوری ایک نصف صدی اردو زبان وادب کی خدمت میں بسر کی۔اس مدت میں سینکڑوں چھوٹی بڑی کتابیں اوربے شمار مقالات،نظمیں وغیرہ ان کے قلم سے نکلیں۔ان کے شاگردوں کاحلقہ بھی نہایت وسیع تھا جو خط وکتابت کے ذریعہ ان کی فنی بصیرت ومہارت سے استفادہ کرتارہتاتھا۔ابتدا میں اگرچہ مرزاداغ سے مشورہ سخن کرتے تھے مگر جلد ہی ان کااپنا ایک مخصوص رنگ قائم ہوگیا۔کثرت مطالعہ وفکر عمیق نے ان میں شعروادب سے متعلق ایک مجتہدانہ شان پیداکردی تھی۔وہ کسی کے مقلد نہیں تھے بلکہ ہرچیز اورہرشعری وادبی مسئلہ کے متعلق اپنی ایک جچی تلی سنجیدہ اورمتین رائے رکھتے تھے اورعلیٰ وجہ البصیرت رکھتے تھے۔انھوں نے اپنی زندگی میں بڑے بڑے طوفانی اورانقلابی دوردیکھے جس نے ادب وشعر کی پرانی قدروں کومتزلزل کرکے رکھ دیا اورصورت ومعنی دونوں کے لحاظ سے شاعری کی دنیا میں ہنگامہ برپاکردیا، لیکن مرحوم ایک چٹان بنے اپنے مقام پرکھڑے رہے یہاں تک کہ انقلاب فکروسخن کی موجیں ان سے ٹکرائیں اوربالآخر راستہ کاٹ کر ان سے دامن بچاکر نکل گئیں۔یہ سب کچھ اس لیے ہوسکا کہ مرحوم طرزقدیم کے حامل ہونے کے ساتھ وقت کے جدید تقاضوں سے بھی بے خبر نہ تھے اورقدیم وجدید میں ہم آہنگی پیداکرلینے کاان میں بڑااچھا سلیقہ تھا۔آخر عمر...
The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in the level of trust in close interpersonal relationships among first born and last-born individuals. The sample of the present study was comprised of 120 participants (first born=60; last born=60). Data was collected through purposive random sampling. The age range of the participants in the present study was 20-45 years and both genders were given equal representation. Trust level of the participants was measured through Trust in close interpersonal relationship scale. Personal Information Questionnaire was also used to gather the information about the characteristics of participants such as age, birth ordinal, gender, education etc. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the trust level of first born and last born. Findings revealed significant differences in the trust level of first born and last-born participants. Last born participants have more trust in interpersonal relationship. Gender differences were also found in the trust level. Females have more trust than males. The implications of the study have discussed in terms of child-rearing practices.
Phosphorus is the 2nd nutrient that is scarce (< 10 mg P kg−1 soil) after nitrogen (N) in 90%> of soils in Pakistan. The phosphorus contents decreased in calcareous salt affected soils. Salinity decreases the progress of plants and availability of macro and micronutrients due to high soil pH. Liquid fertilizers are more efficient than granular fertilizers due their rapid availability to the plants and less fixation in the soil. Phosphoric acid is the phosphorus containing liquid fertilizer which not only improves the availability of phosphorus to the plants, as well as it improves the availability of other nutrients like potassium, iron and copper. Potassium humate (PH) is the potassium salt of humic acid (HA) contains 5.2% K2O and 32% carbon. A successive trials were undertaken at different locations of University of Agriculture Faisalabad including field and pot experiments. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) were applied by using Urea, SSP and SOP in case of control. Phosphorus was applied through phosphoric acid (10% and 50%) while PH was applied 50 and 100 kg ha-1. NPK rate of 200-150-200 kg ha-1 was followed for maize hybrid Pioneer 30Y87. Similarly for wheat recommended NPK dose 120-90-60 kg ha-1 was followed. Pot and field trial were harvested at maturity while lysimeter trial was harvested at flowering stage (65 days) and leachate was collected three time during growth period with an interval of 20 days. Plants were picked and all the samples were analyzed for growth, ionic and quality parameters. The results showed that in pot experiments growth was more with the use of 50 kg ha-1 PH and phosphoric acid (10 and 50%). All the nutrients were available in the next crop up to 25% as compared to the previous crop growth. While in case of lysimeter growth was more in mutual use of phosphoric acid and PH. Phosphorus concentration was more where phosphoric acid was applied alone however leaching of nutrients was more due to light texture of theused soil especially macro nutrients (N, P and K). Micronutrients were not detected in all the leachate samples. Results of field experiment showed the mutual use of phosphoric acid and PH considerably improved the grain ash contents, soil microbial biomass and soil respiration whereas the grain gluten contents were reduced as related to control. There was noteworthy +ve correlation among soil and crop quality parameters. Grain yield was positively associated with dry weight of shoot (r2 = 0.7592). However grain ash contents had significant negative correlation. Post-harvest analysis showed the destructive correlation among grain yield and ECe or with SAR. In field experiment higher level of both the amendments perform best as compared to other treatment including the quality parameters as well. All the data were analyzed statistically under CRD design in pot and lysimeter experiment whereas data of field experiment were analysed under RCBD design with Tukey multiple comparison test using STATISTICS 8.1 (R) software package.