The use of bioengineered veins can benefit humans needing bypass surgery and dialysis. The implant of microchannel (bio-microdevice) as a replacement of varicose veins has significant advantages over the conventional treatment methods. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), vein patch repair, pulmonary embolus, and tissuedamaging problems can be solved with this implant. Around 26% adult people mostly females are affected by varicose veins in old age. It is a common reason of distress, loss of efficiency and worsening the living conditions. Several traditional treatment techniques (sclerotherapy and foam sclerotherapy of large veins, laser surgeries and radiofrequency, vein ligation and stripping, ambulatory phlebectomy and endoscopic vein surgery) have been adopted for treatment and proper handling of this disease. This research presents biomedical microdevices as an alternative for varicose veins. MATLAB and ANSYS Fluent have been used for simulation of blood flow through bioengineered veins with real and actual conditions. The silver based ascending and descending sinusoidal microchannels have been fabricated by using the micromachining process. These microchannels can be inserted into varicose veins as a replacement to maintain the excellent blood flow in human legs. This study presents an alternative method for implant of ascending and descending sinusoidal microchannels (ASMC and DSMC) for varicose vein. After simulation and fabrication, experimental testing was performed. All simulated and experimental results are in a close agreement with real time conditions. Consequently, ASMC and DSMC can be implanted in varicose veins as a new treatment to continue the excellent blood flow in human legs from the same place to avoid tissue damaging and other problems.
استفہام ۔مخاطب کی توجہ و آمادگی کا حصول قرآن نےمخاطب میں آمادگی پیدا کرنے کے لیے بعض اوقات اپنی گفتگو کا آغاز سوال سے کیا ہےاور پھر جواب کی صورت میں مدعا بیان کیاہے ۔ اس طرح سامعین کو متوجہ کرنے کے لیے بہترین موقع پیدا کیا ہے ۔ سورۃ المعارج میں آخرت اور احوال آخرت کاتفصیل کے ساتھ تذکرہ کیا گیا ہے ۔ اتنے اہم مضامین کے لیے آمادگی اورتوجہ کی اشد ضرورت تھی جس کی بنا پر قرآن نے سوال سے آغاز کیا ہے اورانداز یہ اختیار کیا ہے کہ لوگ سوال سے زیادہ جواب کی طرف متوجہ ہوں۔ " سَأَلَ سَائِلٌ بِعَذَابٍ وَاقِعٍ" “ [ ] (ایک مانگنے والے نے وہ عذاب مانگا ہے )اس کا جواب طویل دیا گیا جس کے سننے کے لیے مخاطبین میں دلچسپی پیدا ہونا فطری امر ہے ۔ قرآن حکیم نے سوال کر کے مخاطب کو جواب سننے کے لیے آمادہ کیا۔ یوں گویا قرآن نے اپنی دعوت اور تعلیم کے لیے ایک نفسیاتی تکنیک استعمال کی ۔[ ]
Aims of Study: The objective was to correlate myofascial trigger points and upper limb disability in post-mastectomy females.
Methodology: This six-month duration study included 45 participants aged 18 or older, using non-probability convenience sampling, who had undergone mastectomy at least six months prior. Numeric pain rating scale, Simon’s trigger point criteria and a disability questionnaire were used to assess disease complications.
Results: A study involving 45 female participants (mean age 42.8±6.754) found that 33.3% had mild pain, 55.6% had moderate pain, and 11.1% had severe pain. Additionally, 46.7% had mild disability and 53.3% had moderate disability. There was a significant correlation between myofascial trigger points and upper extremity disability.
Limitations and Future Implication: The limitations include the small sample size used in study and limited generalization of findings due to cultural and contextual factors. Further research is needed to explore interventions and understand the long-term impact of myofascial trigger points on upper limb function.
Originality: This research is original in its focus on the correlation between myofascial trigger points and post-mastectomy upper limb disability.
Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a highly significant relation between trigger points in muscles and disability of upper extremity in female patients after mastectomy.
The current research work was conducted to examine, the isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Avulavirus-1 (AAvV-1) that affected different avian species, in past this virus is known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or Avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) causing Newcastle disease (ND) in both poultry and non-poultry avian species in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) during 2017-18. AAvV-1s are distributed worldwide and the global risk of ND and there are some needs of safe and consistent approaches to elucidate its epidemiology. Hence, the aim of this study was to pathotyped and genetically characterized AAvV-1 isolated from diseased and clinically healthy poultry and multiple non-poultry avian species in AJK. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on complete fusion gene sequences showed that fifteen AAvV-1 isolates obtained from poultry, ducks and peacock belonged to sub-genotype VIIi. Though, one pigeon-origin AAvV-1 isolates were clustered in sub-genotype VI-g and three in recently designated new sub-genotype VI-m of class II. Interestingly, the AAvV-1 isolates of genotype VI and VII had epidemiological connections with viruses isolated recently from different locations in Pakistan. The pigeon-origin isolates had the following two motifs 112-RRKKRF-117 and 112-RRQRRF-117, while all other isolates possess the polybasic sequence of amino acid 112-RRQKR?F-117 at the cleavage site F, which is an important characteristic of virulent strains. Our findings, together with recent AAvV-1 studies, suggest possible virus interspecies transmission between poultry and non-poultry avian species and the potential for an AAvV-1 epidemic in the future. The viruses are prevalent in AJK, this work highlighted the need for continuous and large-scale surveillance studies to control and eradicate the disease.