The advancement in nano-technology imposed great impact on human life due to its vast variety of applications in various fields like medical and healthcare, sports industry, textile industry, agriculture industry, food industry, cloth industry, electronic devices and energy sector. This advancement is based on development of versatile nano-materials; those have attained gigantic reputation because of its superior properties and applications. By using smart and advanced nano-material, various types of nano-structures like nano-pores membrane/template, nanoparticles, nano-wires, nano-rods, nano-tube, nano-fibers can be synthesized by adopting echo friendly strategy. Among these nanostructures, anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template has vast applications in filtration and purification, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) deices and for use in a template in electronics devices. In this work, firstly we have studied simulation of mechanical behavior of AAO nano-porous template by performing finite element analysis using ANSYS. The results depicted that the porous template produced maximum deflection of 1.56µm at the middle when a pressure of 5kPais applied. Secondly, AAO templates were fabricated in two step anodization by using self-designed anodization setup. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate the pore size that is in the range of 60, 80 and 100 nm. After successful template/membrane fabrication the chemical bath deposition method were adopted to grow the zinc oxide (ZnO) nano rods on AAO template. These templates can be used to develop MEMS devices. The expedient way for development of micro-electromechanical systems has (MEMS) based devices are in two key steps. First, perform the simulation for optimization of various parameters by using different simulation tools that leads to cost reeducation. Secondly, development of devices with accurate fabrication steps using optimized parameters. Here, authors have performed piezo-electric analysis of array of zinc oxide (ZnO) nano structures that create on both sides of aluminum rods. Various quantities like swerve, stress, strain, electric flux, energy distribution and electric potential have been studied during the piezo analysis. Then actual control growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs) arrays were grown on both side of etched aluminium at low-temperature using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for development of MEMS energy harvester. The testing was performed by applying ambient range force on nanostructure and found that the voltage range on topside is 0.59 to 0.62 mV and bottom side 0.52 to 0.55 mV. These kinds of devices are useful in low power control circuits.
اکھاں تھکیاں تک تک راہ او خاناں چھیتی آ ہن دیر نہ لا او خاناں تسان ٹر گئے بہاراں رس گیاں سسی ستی تے مہاراں کھس گیاں تہاڈی یاد آئی اکھاں پس گیاں بن ساون پیاس بجھا او خاناں اکھاں تھکیاں تک تک راہ او خاناں تہاڈے پیار سانوں مجبور ہے کیتا توں ٹر گیا ساتھوں چپ چپیتا کی دساں میرے نال جو بیتا رہے اوکھا وقت نبھا او خاناں اکھاں تھکیاں تک تک راہ او خاناں
تسعى الدراسة لتسليط الضوء على موضوع البعثات التعليمية إلى الخارج، زمن السلطانين محمد الرابع والحسن الأول، والتي جاءت كرد فعل جراء الهزائم المتتالية التي تكبدها الجيش المغربي؛ (هزيمة إيسلي، هزيمة تطوان) وما ترتب عنها من وهن أصاب في العمق جميع الميادين: (عسكرية، اقتصادية، سياسية، اجتماعية..). مبرزين فيها أهم الأسباب التي كانت وراء إرسالها، والدول التي قصدتها من أجل التكوين العسكري على الخصوص. وفي الأخير حاولنا إبراز أهم العوامل التي كانت وراء فشلها وإفشالها؛ لكي لا تحقق الأهداف المسطرة لها، المتمثلة أساسا في بناء جيش بمواصفات حديثة قادر على حماية المغرب من الأطماع الخارجية. وفي سبيل ذلك استخدم الباحث المنهج التاريخي المقارن، وتوصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: أن المغرب لم يكن مهيئاً بما يكفي للاستفادة من عائدات هذه البعثات، إن على المستوى الرسمي أو الشعبي. وكان الفشل أولا، ثم الإفشال ثانيا أهم نتيجة توصلنا إلينا، وهذا ما سلطنا عليه الضوء في خاتمة هذه الدراسة.
Irrigation is one of the most important ingredients of the Green Revolution technology, which took place in early 70’s. With out irrigation water, desirable results, of the new agricultural technology cannot be achieved. NWFP is mainly a mountainous region and its agriculture is characterized by low yield per unit and poor application of required inputs. About 54% of the total cultivated land still depends on rainfall which is scantly. Keeping in view the wide scope and importance of irrigation for enhancing agricultural output the present study was initiated. The study aims to analyze the existing situation of tube well irrigation and to pinpoint the main causes of slow diffusion of tube well technology in NWFP. Moreover, an attempt was also made to examine the role of extension agent in the adoption and diffusion of tube well technology. This study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The universe of the study consisted of the whole NWFP. Multistage sampling method was used to select a required sample, from four districts randomly selected. The number of respondents interviewed from district Charsada were 92, from DIK 70, from Malakand 68, and 61 respondents from district Nowshera, hence the total sample size was 291. The selected respondents were grouped into three categories namely small (146), medium (81) and large (64). The average size of land holding was 8 acres for small, 16 for medium and 92 acres for large farmers. Fragmentation seriously constrained tube well installation in the study area. The rate of tube well installation was less than 10 per year on average, thus there is clear justification and wide scope for future expansion if tube wells in the study area. Tube well irrigation not only enhances agricultural productivity, but socio-economic condition of the farmers was also improved. The role of government and NGO’s remained insignificant, because 288 respondents installed tube wells by themselves. The soil of the study area was found suitable for tube well installation. Moreover, water table was cost effective for the respondents in the study area. The discharge capacity of tube wells in the study area ranged from 2” to 4”. Majority of the respondents (96%) did not test the quality of water and soil. The overwhelming majority of the respondents (266) could not get loan. Extension services were heavily criticized and their role in the adoption and diffusion was negligible. The linkages among farmers, extension workers, and research institutes remained weak and poor. Small farmers were more prone to operational problems. The main operational problems were lack of spare parts, shortage of power, lack of skilled labour, and frequent load shedding of electricity. Almost all the sample respondents reported inadequate and untimely availability of inputs. The main factors responsible for late adoption and slow diffusion of tube well technology are; size of land holding, poor financial condition, lack of technical know how, topography, lack of power supply (electricity/diesel), inefficient and ineffective extension staff, imperfect market and policy negligence of the government. As a policy matter farmers (particularly small farmers) need to be encouraged to install tube wells, through the provision of soft loans and technical assistance.