استدراكات الحافظ ابن حجر في فتح الباري على الإمام الكرماني في الكواكب الدراري في الحكم على المتون

A collection of Aḥādīth of Prophet Muḥammad (May peace and blessing be upon him) compiled by Imām Bukhārī. The Muslim scholars of past and present time gave great importance to this book by making their efforts to extract the treasures hidden in this book and to present the different approaches and benefits of this book. “Al Kawākib al-Durārī” by Imām Al kirmānī is an old explanation of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. He was among those scholars who were expert in many fields at a time like knowledge about ╓adīth, its narrators, Commentary, Qirā’t, Qur‘ānic Sciences, Islamic Jurisprudence, Arabic language, Faith, Medicine, History, Geography, Astronomy etc. ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar who also had the specialization in science of hadith and knowledge about biographies of narrators. During studying “Fatḥ al Bārī” I found that ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar criticized on the commentary of Al kirmānī at many times in relating different sayings and signals. In this article I studied these comments of ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar on Imam Alkirmani a critical comparison. After research I have found that ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar has consulted “Al Kawākib al- Durārī” and quoted Imām Al kirmānī’s commentary and added it. This article approves that judgments of ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar on conversion and transformation of text and on distorted, additional and incomplete words in the text are more authentic than Imām Al kirmānī.

Slim+ Advanced - Simple Lightweight and Intuitive Multicast Protocol for Manets

Mobile Ad-hoc networking (MANET) is an evolving field of wireless networks where nodes form a temporary network without any central administration. To establish communication with a distant node in a multi-hop fashion, intermediate nodes must work as router to forward data packets for other nodes. A routing protocol is therefore needed to find routes for end-to-end communication. The topology of the network changes frequently and unpredictably due to high mobility of nodes, hence making routing a very challenging task. Typically MANETs were supposed to be a closed group of nodes communicating with each other. The group members were well-defined and pre-registered; new nodes may not be allowed to join the network due to strict group management. However the situation has changed and MANETs are getting popular in open groups e.g. VANETs and local area social networks(Stieglitz & Fuchß, 2011).Now any node can join or leave the network without permission. Much of the research work has been done for close group MANETs while a little has been done for the open group MANETs. While unicasting (one-to-one communication) and broadcasting (one-to-all communication) are two extreme modes of communications, but often a subgroup of nodes is the only target of a communication, e.g. teleconferencing or live media streaming, such communication is termed as Multicasting. An efficient multicast protocol tries to deliver data to all the target recipients with a minimum load on the network. This is achieved by establishing a distribution structure that avoids unnecessary data duplication. Several routing protocols have been proposed to achieve multicasting in MANETs. However these protocols are typically designed for many-to-many- teleconferencing type multicast applications and neglect the need of one-to-many TV/Radio streaming media type multicast applications. Further for open-groups, it is difficult for these protocols to maintain the group membership for such a highly volatile environment and hence result in degraded performance. In literature, only SLIM protocol was proposed to cater this need. However, we identified two shortcomings of SLIM -viz. (1) its dependence upon the underlying unicast routing protocol and (2) lack of advertisement mechanism that makes the new comers aware about the availability of a live media stream - a much needed feature in the open groups. In this thesis, we propose SLIM+ as an improvement that promises to fulfill the said gaps, implement it in NS2 simulator and evaluate its performance in comparison with the contemporary multicast routing protocols like PUMA and MAODV. The simulation results show that SLIM+ is indeed scalable, lightweight and simple protocol that outperforms its counterparts with respect to all the evaluated QoS parameters particularly PDR was observed above 75% and NRL was observed below 5%.